The Importance Of Collective Memory In 1984 - 2005 Words

Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell is one of the most famous books of all time and is easily the most well-known dystopian novel. Set in London in the year 1984 (surprise!) the story revolves around a character named Winston and his small rebellion against his society, the nation of Oceania. Oceania is a totalitarian society that attempts to control the thoughts of its citizens through the use propaganda, young indoctrination, threat of punishment, and the constant modification of proof of the past. Because of this extreme control over the society’s collective thought and memory Oceania believes that it can effectively control the past, present and future. Most people disagree with that claim because they believe that the absolute truth†¦show more content†¦Eventually Winston is caught by Oceania and subjected to torture by a man named O’Brien until Winston agrees with everything Oceania claims, just like everyone else. It is very understandable to argue wit h the point of view that fact does not matter, in fact, this is perhaps the single policy of Oceania that Winston is most against. At one point Winston muses that â€Å"if [Oceania] could thrust its hand into the past and say of this or that event, it never happened—that, surely, was more terrifying than mere torture and death† (35). And he is right, that is a terrifying thought. â€Å"Truisms are true, hold onto that!† is the rallying call of logic, it says that â€Å"two plus two make four† (93). That is what most ordinary people will hold onto, the belief that a true statement deserves recognition as such no matter if most people claim as such. At various points in the book Winston wonders that â€Å"perhaps a lunatic was simply a minority of one† (82). He flip-flops between the two sides but at one point, the point that people most agree with him, he decides that â€Å"if you clung to the truth even against the whole world, you were not madâ €  (223). It seems logical to agree with Winston and â€Å"believe that reality is something objective, external, existing in its own right† but when one considers the society as a whole one realizes that statement does not matter. It does not matter what reality is, or how a lone individual perceives reality,Show MoreRelated1984, by George Orwell: An Analysis of a Totalitarian Society1605 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical and cultural expression is suppressed, (dictionary.com). Essentially, totalitarianism is a type of government in which the person or people in power seek to maintain absolute control over every person under their authority, with virtually all importance eliminated from the concept of an individual. The term was characterized by Hannah Arendt, the German-American political theorist who wrote The Origins of Totalitarianism, inspired by Hitler and Stalin of the just-finished World War II and just-startingRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Fahrenheit 451 159 1 Words   |  7 Pages451 is a display of how humans are relying more and more on technology for entertainment at the price of their ability for intellectual development. It is a novel about technological dystopia, often compared to other novels such as, George Orwell’s 1984 and Asimov Ender’s Game. Although today’s technology has not quite caught up with Bradbury’s expectations, the threat of having his vision of a dystrophic society is very realistic. He sees a futuristic society in which this submission of thought isRead MoreThe Victims Of History By George Orwell1234 Words   |  5 PagesThe Victims of History the importance in critical history studies In his critically acclaimed novel, 1984, George Orwell wrote the following; â€Å"Who controls the past controls the future. And who controls the present controls the past.† When discussing the validity of studying history critically, I think this quote accurately highlights many of the key points that are discussed when it comes to studying history. Critical history analysis prompts us to consider more than just the information we areRead MoreThe Mind Of The Unconscious Mind1634 Words   |  7 Pagesmind. The unconscious mind contains the essential aspects of the mind that occur automatically and are not available to be self-examined or scrutinize under a microscope. These aspects of the mind include thought process, affect, motivation and memory. Before Freud, German Romantic philosopher Friedrich Schelling in the 18th-century first developed the term â€Å"unconscious.† Along side with Leibniz, Kant, Herbart, Benecke, Wundt, Hamilton, Maudsley and many others, their aim was to â€Å"identify at oneRead More Imagining the Future in Iraq Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pagespiece with the following irony in mind: while those like Rumsfeld have stated There will be no theocracy in Iraq, the U.S.s campaign is encouraging religious fervor, activism, and sedition against the occupying powers. Just as in George Orwells 1984, where the government was in the business of tampering with public records to push their agenda, so too is the current administration sugar-coating the truth with falsehood and deceptively harming the American public by keeping them in the dark. WouldntRead MoreEssay about 19841272 Words   |  6 PagesThe theme of 1984 lies in the fact that it is possible for any one authoritative power to have absolute control or reality by gaining control of the minds of a collective society because they are the ones who perceive what reality is. The only relevant reality is the one in the minds of the individuals and if the minds of the individuals can be manipulated, so can reality. In the novel, the party can control the past because it can effectively control reality through the human mind. When the populationRead MoreDystopia Essay: 1984 and Harrison Bergeron1818 Words   |  8 Pagesexploration of Utopias and Dystopias. The novels Utopia by Thomas More and 1984 by George Orwell and short story Harrison Bergeron by Kurt Vonnegut explore the Utopic and Dystopic genre through the structure and regulations of their societies. In Utopia, More provides us with a contemporary understanding of society and human nature, with an indepth study of morals, values and beliefs in England around the Renaissance Era. 1984 was published while the Second World War was fresh in people’s minds, creatingRead MoreStrategic Choice Theory1554 Words   |  7 Pagesplanning. The essential of a firm or a government’s strategy is to make the right choice.   They cannot afford to try all the strategies with their limited resources and abilities. The Strategic Choice Theory was first proposed by Kochan (Kochan, et.al, 1984) and his colleagues in the mid 1980s attempting to explain the transformation of the U.S. industrial relations when all other contemporary theories failed to. For example, in 1960s and 1970s th e Dunlop’s systems theory (Dunlop, 1958) was widely acceptedRead MoreAwareness6564 Words   |  27 PagesBetween Inner Life and Collective Memory. A Methodological Reflection. Franà §ois-Xavier Lavenne, Virginie Renard, Franà §ois Tollet1 Introduction In the writing of their fictional works, novelists often have to reflect on the functioning of memory, for memory lies at the heart both of inner life and of human experience in general. It is indeed in the works of writers such as Marcel Proust or Jorge Luis Borges that the best exemplifications of the subjective experience of memory are to be found. HoweverRead MoreCarl Jung s Attitude Towards Women1786 Words   |  8 Pagesown ceremony was an unconscious act, and one that was influenced by rituals he had never heard of, in distant locations that he had never visited. His findings would later serve to support his work about symbols, psychological archetypes, and the collective unconscious. Early Career Jung did not initially plan to pursue psychiatry because it was not considered prestigious at the time. His attitude towards psychiatry changed, however, when he read a textbook that described psychoses as personality

The Importance Of Writing Skills And Oral Skills - 867 Words

The Importance of Writing Skills and Oral skills Mr. Price emphasized the importance of writing skills. He said that when you use it daily it is always important to sound professional. He also said what person would like to go through a document or email and see errors throughout. The textbook states, â€Å"many job listings mention the need for excellent oral and written communication† (Guffey and Loewy 3). Mr. Price told me that he had an ASM that worked for him in the past and he had terrible writing skills and one day he had to reply to an online complaint. The ASM had an error filled response which only angered the customer more. Mr. Price also told me that if you don’t have good oral skills you will not have success in the business world. He said you will need to talk professionally when you need to and there will be times you can be more relaxed. The textbook reads, â€Å" Strong communication skills will make you marketable even in a tough economic climate† (Guffey and Loewy 2). What Mr. Price told me matches the textbook. He said you will need your oral skills in many ways which include dealing with customers good or bad, giving constructive criticism and in some cases apologizing to customers. Constructive Criticism Mr. Price said that you always want to avoid angering the person you are giving constructive criticism to. The textbook states, â€Å"Criticism is rarely constructive when tempers flare† (Guffey and Loewy 360). He also pointed out that you should ask the personShow MoreRelatedEnhancing The Learners Communicative Language Essay964 Words   |  4 Pageshighlighted vocabulary connections with the four skills: reading (e.g. Laufer, 1992; Qian, 1999, 2002; Alderson, 2000); listening (e.g. Bonk, 2000; Alderson Huhta, 2005; Rost, 2005); writing (e.g. Arnaud, 1992; Laufer Nation, 1995; Laufer, 1998; Laufer Paribakht, 1998; Schoonen et al., 2003) and speaking (e.g. Levelt, 1993; Adams, 1980; Adolphs Schmitt, 2003, 2004; Durà ¡n, Malvern, Richards, Chipere, 2004). In this section, the importance of speaking will be reviewed along with its foundationRead MoreThe Importance Of A Few College General Education Courses1070 Words   |  5 Pagesaid with in college. These general educ ation courses teach basic skills required for every profession and provide the knowledge required for understanding more complicated courses to come. This paper will discuss the importance of a few college general education courses, such as oral communications, composition, and mathematics. The first course that this paper will discuss is oral communications. When many students think of oral communications or speech class they think of people giving presentationsRead MoreCommunication For The Field Of Accounting1122 Words   |  5 Pagescolleges, who are seeking employment from accounting firms, only focus on understanding the technical skills of accounting. An entry level job for these graduates is auditing. Auditors analyze financial statements of a company and then provide solutions to the company’s financial issues. In order to successfully communicate in the field of accounting, auditors must be proficient in oral and written skills. In an article written by the two C-level executives of MetricStream Inc. and Elevate Consulting(typeRead MoreOral Language and Child Development1498 Words   |  6 Pagesfoundational aspect of all children’s learning is oral language. Communication orally entails the ability to include four components of spoken language to incorporate, and build on, a child’s vocabulary and grammar. These four elements consist of the phonological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic components. Development of a child’s language skills should form together resulting in literacy success later in life. In order to master the teaching of oral language, three strategies are used. These includeRead MoreThe Importance Of A Good Writing Skills806 Words   |  4 Pages Many customers associate their experience with the customer service they receive at any place of business. The ability to communicate both orally and in writing are essential job skills needed to perform a job task tho roughly and efficiently, while still maintaining the satisfaction of the clients as well as the organization. Oral communication is very important for an employee to possess because it allows the staff to interact more effectively, helps an individual give instructions and explanationsRead MoreTo What Extent Are Employers Looking for Communication Skills in University Graduates?1420 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This essay will discuss and detail what potential employers look for in graduates when they leave their respect universities and to what extent are communication skills important to them. In order to completely understand the question key terms need to be explained. Communication is usually described as the exchange of information from one person to another through written or spoken words, symbols and or actions to reach a common understanding (Boddy, 2008). The term graduate relatesRead MoreLiteracy Learning Of A Child s Schooling Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pagesby society and valued by individuals and communities.† (pg.19) This definition clearly highlights the importance of skills and knowledge, which children must learn to help them not only develop their English language but to engage in all learning areas of the curriculum. â€Å"As language is central to learning and English is the medium for most learning in the New Zealand Curriculum, the importance of literacy in Eng lish cannot be overstated.† (Ministry Of Education, 2007, p.16) The ability to read,Read MoreUnit 2 Business Resources1106 Words   |  5 Pagesprocess for a finance worker. My second task will be to prepare a list of employability, personal and communication skills required for working as a finance officer. I will need to write a supporting statement stating the skills I possess which will make me suitable for the job. My final task will be to prepare a report, assessing the importance of employability and personal skills in the recruitment and retention of staff in the accounts department. Recruitment process for a finance officer FinanceRead MoreClassroom Is Not The Classroom Of Yesterday1050 Words   |  5 Pagesessential skills and key learning competencies. To understand the need for integration, one can look at the research into employability skills required by the next generation of employees. Key employability skills, as defined by the federal government (2015) in its â€Å"Essential Skills† profiles (notably reading, writing, numeracy, oral communication, critical thinking, digital technology skills, and working with others) and by the Conference Board of Canada (2016) in its Employability Skills 2000+ (especiallyRead MoreAnalyzing And Teaching Reading : Fluency And Comprehension902 Words   |  4 PagesCh. 8: Assessing and Teaching Reading: Fluency and Comprehension The Common Core State Standards place importance on the ability for students to understand and analyze key ideas in text. Students who have reading fluency are able to read text at a steady rate, summarize supporting details, and analyze different points of view. To assess a student’s fluency rate, teachers can measure WCPM, the words read correctly per minute in 2-3 grade-level passages. To assess reading comprehension, teachers

Afam Studies Free Essays

Michelle Fleming AFAM Ch 18 Questions 1. Explain why and how some of the New Deal programs, like the AAA and the Civilian Conservation Corps, were discriminatory. The New Deal marked an important shift in the American electoral landscape as significant numbers of African Americans gave their votes to Franklin D. We will write a custom essay sample on Afam Studies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Roosevelt and the Democratic Party for the first time, establishing a political loyalty that has endured for roughly seventy years. New Deal recovery and relief programs rapidly became a central element in blacks’ endeavors to survive the harsh economic realities of the Depression. One of these programs, the Civilian Conservation Corps, provided more than a quarter of a million young black men with jobs and was consequently another arena in which the black community waged the struggle for greater equality. Although policy prohibited discrimination, blacks and other minorities encountered numerous difficulties in the CCC. In the early years of the program, some camps were integrated. By 1935, however, there was, in the words of CCC director Fechner, a â€Å"complete segregation of colored and white enrollees,† but â€Å"segregation is not discrimination. At its peak, more than 250,000 African Americans were enrolled in nearly 150 all-black CCC company. 2. What was the effect of the Social Security Act on African Americans? How did that program reveal that whites often wanted to keep poor white women and blacks in subservient positions? The Social Security Act excluded those job categories blacks traditionally filled. â€Å"Negro Work† such as garb age collection, working in foundries, or domestic service was seen as jobs for blacks; now desperate whites used terror and intimidation of get employers to fire blacks so whites could have those jobs . How did African Americans survive the Great Depression? The depression hit African Americans hard. While many African Americans were already living in poverty, white employers felt no reservations about firing their black workers first and by 1932 more than half of African Americans were out of the jobs. Racial tensions grew as economic tensions mounted; lynching’s in the south saw a huge resurgence. â€Å"Although there were many inequities in the New Deal housing, agricultural and economic programs, blacks had opportunities to obtain employment, some in areas previously closed to them. Black writers, for example, participated in the New Deal’s writing projects, while other black Americans interviewed former slaves for the Works Project Administration (WPA)† 3. What was the NAACP role during the 1920s through the 1940s? NAACP’s anti-lynching campaign of the 1930s combined widespread publicity about the causes and costs of lynching, a successful drive to defeat Supreme Court nominee John J. Parker for his white supremacist and anti-union views and then defeat senators who voted for confirmation, and a skillful effort to lobby Congress and the Roosevelt administration to pass a federal anti-lynching law. Southern senators filibustered, but they could not prevent the formation of a national consensus against lynching; by 1938 the number of lynching’s declined steeply. Through the 1930s and much of the 1940s, the NAACP initiated suits that dismantled aspects of the edifice of segregated education, each building on the precedent of the previous one. Not until the late 1940s did the NAACP believe it politically feasible to challenge directly the constitutionality of â€Å"separate but equal† education itself. . What did the â€Å"Scottsboro Boys† case illustrate about society? What role did racism play? The case of the Scottsboro Boys shows the deep seated, racist, white fear of the alleged black male rapist, in this case in the guise of youth. It showed the power of this fear to, override evidence and reason in the determination of guilt and innocence. The issue was neither guilt nor innocence; rather, it maintained white supremacy and the repression of black freedo m. Nevertheless, the concerted efforts to undo the wrongs against the Scottsboro Boys contributed significantly to the ongoing African-American struggle and the interrelated struggle to defeat Jim Crow 5. What was the role of the Communist Party during the 1920s and 1930s. Why did some blacks find communism appealing? How did the communists affect civil rights activism? During the 1930’s, the Communist Party was heavily involved in the struggles of the people which arose during the Depression. Communists advocated for unemployment insurance, the right to organize, and for Social Security. The Communist Party attracted some blacks because it consistently renounced racism, worked on economic issues, and pursued legal equity and social justice for blacks. Ch 19 Questions 7. How did the Chicago Renaissance differ from the Harlem Renaissance? 8. How did African Americans create and employ popular culture to counteract negative stereotypes of black people? 9. How did music create a bridge between blacks and whites? 10. How did radio allow African Americans to get their music heard? 11. How did Hollywood films portray African American men and women during the 1930s and 1940s? 2. How did the images of African Americans in film and radio affect white attitudes and behavior toward blacks? 13. Why did black athletes become prominent during the 1930s and 1940s? 14. Explain what the Tuskegee Experiment was, who was responsible for the study, how did it reflect racism in America, and how did it then and now affect the attitudes of African Americans in regard to trusting the health care industry? You may need to review video clips on YouTube on this subject to gather information. Assessment How to cite Afam Studies, Essay examples

Office Art Memo free essay sample

The following essay will identify three examples of each, 19th century Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings and seeks to explain how these works fall into the two distinct styles. I we will explain to my boss, who has assigned me the task of managing the art budget and selecting six works to be displayed at the new corporate office, the historical significance of each piece, a description of each piece; with images were possible, and it’s probable placement in a corporate office setting. I will also offer my thoughts as to how each piece is likely to be consistent with our corporate image. I will analyze some possible symbolisms and characteristics of each painting we deem to be appropriate with our company image and business model within the Travel Retail Industry. TO: Mr. Joseph G. Shill Chief Financial Officer Global Travel Group, LLC FROM: R. J. Nodal Corp. Office Art Budget Art Selections 2013 Dear Mr. Shill, Thank you for entrusting me with the selection and management of the artwork for our new corporate office. I have narrowed my focus to the late 19th century French Masters of the Impressionist and Post-Impressionist era. These works are arguably some of the most recognizable in the world and the Impressionist art movement is considered to be the father of most modern art. The works chosen are In line with our corporate image and company culture of challenging tradition and forging innovation in the market place. Impressionism Impressionism was generally viewed as the art movement that pioneered modern art, and considered by many to be a radical departure from the traditionally accepted tenets of the Academie des Beaux-Arts or the classic French Art Academy by which artistic standards were set. The artist of the era gave us a different style of painting, new techniques and the conviction to innovate and break with the traditional conventions of art at the times (Snider, 2001). These modern French masters would arguably become among the most recognized names in the art world, and their works amongst the most valuable. The following three works can be classified in the impressionist style, and by the characteristic associated with that style, primarily the changing effects of natural light and atmospheric conditions as experienced while painting en plein air or outdoors (Sayre, 2011). The Loose, and broken brush-strokes depicting movement is a primary technique of the style. The use of color, specifically the mixing of primary and complimentary pigments against each other, and the portrayal of everyday casual, and leisure scenes are all attributes of the impressionist’s approach. Ultimately at the core of Impressionism, is the capturing of a fleeting moment in time as it is affected by natural light and nature itself (Bernier, 1989). Claude Monet; (1840-1926) Historically significant, this piece is widely regarded as the piece that inspired the critic Louis Leroy to coin the phrase Impressionist. In April 1872. the newspaper Le Charivari’s Louis Leroy wrote a disparaging critique on the L’Exposition des Revoltes, in which a series of independent artist’s displayed their works outside of the official Salon de Arts for the first time, and their works were deemed Impressions or unfinished pieces. Mr. Leroy was specifically commenting on Claude Monet’s â€Å"Impression Sunrise â€Å"( Yurasits, 2011). The painting is of a hazy morning harbor scene at the port of Le Havre evoking a sense of calm and serenity. Yet the silhouettes of the smokestacks and ships masts in the background lend themselves to sense of mystery to what may unfold across the harbor as the sun rises. The use of dull primary hues (blues) and warm secondary colors (oranges) contrast each other perfectly and serve to draw the viewer’s eye toward a central focus, the Sun, just right of center. The Sun’s rays and reflection on the water is illustrated by a series of horizontal brush stokes that depict movement in the water and the play of the suns light upon it. This piece would be well suited and displayed in the executive conference room as it symbolizes the conviction of innovation in a clam controlled manner in line with targets as stated in our corporate mission statement. Impression, soleillevant 1872 Pierre-Auguste Renoir; (1841-1919) This piece viewed as one of Renoir’s most popular and cheerful canvases. It is known to have sold in 1923 for USD $125,000. to American collector, Duncan Phillips and recorded as the highest price paid for a painting at the time (Russell, 2008). Blending various genres, landscape, still life, and portraiture, Renoir depicts a social gathering of friends and colleagues at a favorite restaurant, the Maison Fournaise in Chatou, France. The use of light and color is nothing short of spectacular in this piece and adds to the cheerful and leisurely ambiance of the work. The composition is grounded and balance by the vertical and horizontal elements of the awning and the disbursement of the cast of members. The work is also symbolic of the changing times as a result of industrialization and the progressive rise of the Bourgeois and the charm of their social structures. This piece would show well in any office setting but is best suited for display in the main reception area for all to enjoy as it invokes one of the main target groups of the Travel Retail industry, that of leisure time. Le dejeuner des canotiers 1881 Claude Monet; (1840-1926) In the series of paintings depicting the railway station Saint-Lazare, Monet’s primary focus is on the effects of light and the changing conditions throughout the times of the day. Monet was more concerned with the movement of steam clouds and their interplay with the suns light as it filtered through the overhead glass canopy than with the actual movement of people or trains (Lewandowski, 2006). The imposing metal structure serves to balance the composition as the cold blue/grey hue’s give a sense of strength and modernity. The series of eleven paintings, of which seven were displayed in the 3rd exhibition of the Impressionists in 1877, were significant as there were few if any, precedents (Dowson, 2010). The painting gives the viewer a sense of industrial progress, and a feeling of innovation through technology and machinery. The symbolism is strong, and at once a bold statement of progress, and should be enjoyed by all while displayed at the executive boardroom. Gare Saint-Lazare 1877 Post-Impressionism An evolution from the bases of Impressionist ideas, post-impressionist painter’s sought to move their work into modernity and the future. Incorporating a variety of techniques such as the use of vivid colors and the application of thick layers of paint known as impasto, and the use of geometric shapes in their compositions, the artists took a more personal approach to their work. Post-Impressionist artists were known to have influenced and given rise to other sub-movements such as; Symbolism, Fauvism, Expressionism and Cubism (Sayre, 2011). The following three works were chosen not only because they are representative of the genre, but because they also fit the theme of our focus and of our company’s image of leisure, sociable activities and travel. Vincent van Gogh; (1853-1890) Arguably one of the most recognized works in the world, by any artist, and certainly within the art world. Starry night marks a period in the artist life of tranquility and of imaginative freedom following a history of turmoil and psychological instability. The landscape is the view as depicted from the artist room from a mental hospital or asylum (as they were referred to in that era) where van Gogh had been committed too for approximately one year. The painting is a very personal and subjective view out his window. The church steeple in the center of the small village grounds the composition. Balance, it seems is achieved by the horizontal elements of the background mountains and the vertical elements of the cypress in the foreground. The visible, flowing brushstrokes lend themselves too the movement of the piece, you can almost feel the seemingly strong current of winds blowing, and the glow of the halo’s surrounding the moon and the stars. While this piece, and all art for that matter is interpreted differently by each viewer, this piece in particular says to me; Tranquility among worldly awe. This piece was chosen primarily for it’s instant recognize-ability. It is symbolic of our global footprint and reach. Yet it’s elusive and mysterious qualities seems to say; what do you see in me? This piece will be displayed in the main executive conference room for all attendees to take in and reflect upon. The Starry Night 1889 Again one of Van Gogh’s most famous and prolific works, the painting captures the effects of light as depicted in the yellow lighting of the awning and spilling on to the cobble stone street. The off-centered cafe terrace on the left and the tree on the right foreground balance the composition. The viewer’s eye is drawn toward the middle by the angle of the scene and the horizontal elements of the buildings. The night sky and the foreground shadows play nice off each other and serve to ground the painting. The artist has incorporated his own personal interpretation of what is before him in true Post-Impressionist style, all the wile maintaining aspect of the impressionist approach, the use of lighting and color. Notice that it is a night scene, yet there is no black used in the sky. In keeping with our theme of social interaction and leisurely activities this piece is to be displayed in the main hallway leading to the executive suites. The Cafe Terrace On The Place Du Forum Arles At Night 1888 Henri De Toulouse-Lautrec; (1864-1901) A truly gifted artist, Lautrec was known to capture the real day-to-day scenes of Paris’s red light district of Montmartre. The seedy and bohemian ambiance attracted artist, writers and philosophers alike (Sayre, 2011). Lautrec’s work was significant in that his style influenced the work of such notable painters as Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. The below piece portrays what could be a typical evening at the Moulin Rouge. Toulouse-Lautrec preferred to portray in his work a sense of personal interpretation and form while not straying to far from the immediacy of the Impressionists. The use of vivid colors and effects of light are evident in this canvas. Staying with the theme of leisure time and social activities, this painting is a perfect example of that motif and as such is an ideal candidate for display in the main reception lobby of our corporate headquarters. Dance At The Moulin Rouge  1890 It is worth noting that all of the paintings listed here are by famous and world-renowned artist and of very high value. Most, if not all are in the hands of private collectors or museums and available to be enjoyed by the public at large. None of these painting have been seen at auction or have been reported as privately sold in the last decades. Christies of London has reported the last Claude Monet painting to be sold at auction in 2008 â€Å"Le Bassin Aux Nympheas† (not Listed in this essay) sold for just over $86 million USD. Van Gogh’s and Renoir’s have sold for upwards of $100 million dollars. Because of the unfeasible expense we have opted for high quality reproductions averaging between $300. to $500. per piece, and the cost of professionally mounting displaying and lighting each piece of approximately $1200. each, plus any additional costs for unforeseen incidentals. Thus the total budget for the corporate art project should not exceed $15,000. USD. We feel that all the works chosen are inline with our desired corporate image and hope that the all patrons and visitors to our new corporate  offices will enjoy them as much as we have enjoyed researching and selecting them. Additionally, I am compelled and quite pleased to advise you that in light of our corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiative, we have coordinated our efforts with the University of Basel School of the Arts and I am pleased to report that the chair of the art department will initiate a contest among their students for a synopsis of each piece to be included within the displays of the respective pieces. Our company will award the winner of the competition the funds for two semesters of art or art history related classes and books and is completely underwritten and paid for by our public relations and policy division and therefore not affecting our budget.

Versailles Effect On Germany Essays - Treaty Of Versailles

Versailles Effect On Germany The Treaty of Versailles: Prelude to WWII The Treaty of Versailles was not a justified treaty, which created German feelings of revenge and dislike towards the victorious countries. This feeling of revenge felt by Germany, in addition with the social atmosphere of Europe, led to a Second World War in the September of 1939, just 11 years after the first World War. People at the time published reports on the unfairness of the treaty. America never ratified the treaty but Britain and France still enforced it. Germany had no choice but to sign the unfair document and it was only a matter of time before things turned for the worse. We must examine the background, clauses, and effects of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany and Europe to understand how it helped cause WWII. Then, when you look at the situation the treaty created for Europe, we can see how WWII came about. The war had left Europe in shambles. WWI ended on November 11, 1918, leaving millions of European soldiers dead and injured. Large areas of Belgium and France had been devastated and two of Europes most powerful countries, Germany and Austria-Hungary, were defeated and exhausted. All the European countries were now bankrupt from the cost of waging a war for four years. Germany had not been defeated, but knew that if it continued to fight war against the strong American army, defeat in Berlin would result. Because Germany had surrendered, her only option was to either sign the treaty, or else go back to war again, which would inevitably result in defeat. The Treaty was unexpectedly harsh, though, despite the fact Germany hadnt been defeated, she had merely surrendered. Germany was forced to agree that it was guilty of starting the war. This clause was the most insulting and damaging clause for it blatantly and wrongly accused Germany of being the sole cause of war, and this enabled the other clauses to be severe as she was now to pay for the whole of WWI. The second clause was that Germany had to disarm. The effects of this clause were: the army was to be limited to 100,000 men; conscription and much prided submarines and aircraft (the allies thought that without an air force Germany couldnt ever go to war) were to be banned; the navy was limited to six battleships (no Dreadnoughts); and the Rhineland was to become a demilitarized- zone. This was emotional for the Germans since they had had such a strong army and were forced to sink their prided Dreadnoughts. This emotional loss created resentment towards the allies and was the first clause for Hitler to undo. The reparation clause was an unjust clause, for the amount was excessively much, as said by many people at the time. Germany had to pay severe reparations, imposed to help the damaged countries rebuild after the war, at the amount of $5 billion due May 1, 1921.9 The leading British economist, John Maynard Keynes, published a book, before the increase in reparations to $32.5 billion by 1963, warning that the treaties would prevent the European economy recovering from the war damage. Germany had hardly enough money to pay the original amount, and, inevitably, great inflation occurred, destroying the economy and causing unemployment and starvation. Furthermore, another clause of the treaty was that the territory of Germany had to be greatly reduced. Britain and France had been malicious and were shortsighted by demanding Germanys money while taking away the territory that could provide the money. In this clause Germany lost 13% of its territory, containing 7.3 million people, and all of her overseas colonies, ending her empire. Germany had lost her main coal producing territories of Upper Silesia and the Saarland. In 1913, 139 million tons of coal were used in Germany for railroads, utilities, fuel, and agriculture; the Saarland and Upper Silesia had accounted for 60.8 million tons of this. With more than half of Germanys coal taken away, they didnt have enough coal to power the populated industrial country. With industry destroyed there was no way they could pay the reparations. Germany had made proposals dealing with the territorial decisions and reparations; they were willing to give up Alsace-Lorraine

Free Essays on Relationshop With Macbeth And Lady Macbeth

â€Å"Discuss the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. How does it change and why? To what extent is their relationship the engine that drives the tragedy?† In Shakespeare’s tragedy, Macbeth, the characters and the roles they play are critical to its plot and theme. Many of the characters, especially Macbeth, and his wife, Lady Macbeth are well developed and very complex. The relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth is a very strange one that involves many elements of death, deceit and corruption. As the play progresses, their relationship changes and their roles are essentially switched. The relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth is a very important factor in Macbeth, because with out Lady Macbeth’s strong influence on her husband, Macbeth would not have acted and made some of the decisions he did. Lady Macbeth plays a significant role in influencing Macbeth to choose the path that he does. She plays the dominant character throughout the opening scenes, in which she asserts her ambition for her and her husband to gain hierarchic status. They seem to have great concern for each other, as illustrated when Macbeth races to tell Lady Macbeth about his encounter with the witches. When she hears the news, she immediately begins plotting how to gain her husbands desire to be king. â€Å"Lady Macbeth’s immediate reaction to the prophecy is to try to occupy, immediately, the promised future, as if the consequential moment of tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow could somehow be finessed: ‘ They letters have transported me beyond/ This ignorant present, and I feel now/ The Future in the instant.’(I. V. 55-7)† (Danson, pg. 123) At this point Lady Macbeth is portrayed as the resolute strong women, while Macbeth is portrayed as her indecisive, cowardly husband. It is fair to say that Macbeth does have ambition, but at this point in the play, his conscience is stronger than ambition. Lady Macbeth is ... Free Essays on Relationshop With Macbeth And Lady Macbeth Free Essays on Relationshop With Macbeth And Lady Macbeth â€Å"Discuss the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. How does it change and why? To what extent is their relationship the engine that drives the tragedy?† In Shakespeare’s tragedy, Macbeth, the characters and the roles they play are critical to its plot and theme. Many of the characters, especially Macbeth, and his wife, Lady Macbeth are well developed and very complex. The relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth is a very strange one that involves many elements of death, deceit and corruption. As the play progresses, their relationship changes and their roles are essentially switched. The relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth is a very important factor in Macbeth, because with out Lady Macbeth’s strong influence on her husband, Macbeth would not have acted and made some of the decisions he did. Lady Macbeth plays a significant role in influencing Macbeth to choose the path that he does. She plays the dominant character throughout the opening scenes, in which she asserts her ambition for her and her husband to gain hierarchic status. They seem to have great concern for each other, as illustrated when Macbeth races to tell Lady Macbeth about his encounter with the witches. When she hears the news, she immediately begins plotting how to gain her husbands desire to be king. â€Å"Lady Macbeth’s immediate reaction to the prophecy is to try to occupy, immediately, the promised future, as if the consequential moment of tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow could somehow be finessed: ‘ They letters have transported me beyond/ This ignorant present, and I feel now/ The Future in the instant.’(I. V. 55-7)† (Danson, pg. 123) At this point Lady Macbeth is portrayed as the resolute strong women, while Macbeth is portrayed as her indecisive, cowardly husband. It is fair to say that Macbeth does have ambition, but at this point in the play, his conscience is stronger than ambition. Lady Macbeth is ...

Nutrition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Nutrition - Essay Example On the other hand, a poor one has the potential of injuring health and leading to deficiency diseases such as kwashiorkor and scurvy and also threatening conditions like osteoporosis, obesity and diabetes. This paper will research on nutrition and the implications of both poor and proper diets. Gardner and Halweil (2000) opine that a good health goes beyond the absence of disease and reflects a positive quality of physical, emotional, intellectual, spiritual and social well being. Only an optimum nutrition that provides all the essential amount and type of nutrients can achieve good health. The food people consume and their constituent nutrients are the most significant, long-term environmental factors that influence their health, development, growth and functional abilities (Zoellner, Bounds & Yadrick, 2009). Nutritional knowledge, especially including education for health professionals and the general public, is critical if the rate of premature mortality and morbidity must be redu ced significantly from the primary killer diseases. The way people structure their lives with proper health habits, nutrition and regular exercise will cut down on chronic diseases and medical expenditure. Depending on the quantities required by the body, the six classes of nutrients may further be categorized into either micronutrients or macronutrients (Bolin, Caplan, & Holyday, 2010). The body requires macronutrients in large amounts and they include proteins, carbohydrates, water and fats. The body uses lipids to build cell membranes, and amino acids are essential for the formation of proteins while carbohydrates and fats are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen molecules. Vitamins and minerals fall under micronutrients. Apart from water and the fibrous content of food, all macronutrients provide the body with structural material and energy (Bolin, Caplan, & Holyday, 2010). This is the energy used to carry out all the activities of the body and the essential support of life. A dditionally, proteins are used in the repair and formation of tissue as well as various hormones and chemicals. Water is essential in eliminating the waste products of metabolism. Every food consumed has a direct impact on a person’s health. Certain levels of variation in quantities will lead to nutritional disease, which can be defined as disease or condition related to nutrition. The variations may include both excesses and deficiencies in one’s diet. Poor or unbalanced diets, and hence bad nutrition, cause developmental abnormalities and worsen chronic diseases. For instance, research has shown that diets high in sugar, sodium and saturated fat adversely affect health and well being (Bolin, Caplan, & Holyday, 2010). Such a diet places the consumer at a high risk of developing diseases such as cancers, diabetes, heart diseases and hypertension. On the other hand, nutritionists recommend diets high in fiber, calcium, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. Such diets hav e the potential to reduce chances of most diseases by up to 80 percent. The research confirms that unhealthy eating habits are the leading causes of disease and disability as well as loss of independence. More significantly, the use (or abuse) of alcohol and tobacco should strictly be avoided, especially for persons with pre-existing conditions

Personal Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personal Identity - Essay Example Subsequently, he pragmatically thought over the concept of knowledge and language formulation, the core of which shall be discussed hereunder. According to Locke, what we know is always properly understood as the relation between ideas (the learned concepts of experienced reality), and in the said essay, he explained at length the stance that all of our ideation is a consequence of personal identity. The outcome of this objective method is that the human mind seems to get somewhat undermined in its abilities. While describing the domains of human capabilities in terms of knowledge, ideas and the like, he endeavors to challenge certain basic and traditional norms of communication, language and interaction constructs (Noonan, 1989). Here, the issue of contention is the fact as to how Locke tackles the term of 'bodily'. Locke describes or rather differentiates the qualities of bodily identity into two divisions: primary and secondary. The primary attributes deal with those traits of an entity, which forms its existence - the integral constituents of the object. However, the secondary attributes are those, which are qualified by our perceptual reality and which may be taken in a relative term depending upon the observer. The primary/secondary quality distinction gets us a certain ways in understanding physical objects, but Locke is puzzled about what underlies or supports the basic qualities themselves. He is also puzzled about what material and immaterial bodily functions might have in common that would lead us to apply the same explanation to both. On the significant role played by nature in the behavior of man, both these opinions interject. Though nature has been a sort of subjective reality for the sake of many philosophers, yet these two have come to the same resolution. Thus it can be said that the role of nature can never be undermined. What has been naturally created in the form of man by nature (and in effect God), can never be put away from its core. Nature is as close to man as man himself, because he is a product of the former. Such contemplations gave him the impetus to coin the relative and obscure idea of physicality in general. He referred to the ever dynamic use of the word 'bodily'. Locke claims that the mind supports the bodily qualities - these may be as infinite as one can imagine. For understanding of concepts, he believed, simply information about the object was not enough. There had to be some linkages in the information that we receive in clusters. These linkages had to be the essence of understanding the concept to its fullest. This is a result of the fact that he himself cannot purport a rationale for the existence of tropes (tropes are properties that can exist independently of bodily). Hence, he could not use of a concept in lieu of 'bodily'. He seems extremely cautious about our limitations of the ideas of bodily. He has been understandably criticized for blowing this debate out of proportion, yet the importance that he appreciates within this concept is what produces the entire basis for his conviction. It troubled Locke to consider this as being something without having any properties - this in effect would be unscientific and hence impossible according to the doctrine presented by him (Parfit, 1987). He attempts to give ideas of simple modes, mixed modes, relations

Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Ludwig Van Beethoven And Sonatas Music Essay

Ludwig Van Beethoven And Sonatas Music Essay Ludwig van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany on 16th December 1770 and died in Vienna, Austria on 26th March 1827. He was one of the famous classical composers of all time. He was also known as a pianist. Beethoven composed 32 piano sonatas for the piano. One of the piano sonatas that will be analyzed in this thesis is the Piano Sonata in c minor, Op.13 which is named as Pathetique. Ludwig van Beethoven composed the Piano Sonata in c minor, Op.13 Pathetique in 1798. This piece was dedicated to Prince Karl Lichnowsky. This piano sonata has three movements. This sonata was the earliest Beethoven sonatas to be famous and this sonata was first published in Vienna, Austria. The first movement, Grave, then Allegro molto con brio, the key signature is c minor and the time signature is in 4/4 time. According to Elterlein, E. V. (1920), This movement portrays his characteristics, a lifelike picture of manly, painful, earnest and passionate emotion. Here and there, fire breaks out, in a marked rhythm, but only to be immediately quenched. There are several modulations in this movement which are from c minor to eƆ¦ minor to Db major to f minor and back to c minor. The second movement, Adagio cantabile, the key signature is Ab major and the time signature is in 3/4 time. Elterlein, E. V. (1920) also said that this movement is much more peaceful than the first movement and is well expressed in the sustained singing theme. The third movement, Rondo allegro, the key signature is c minor and the time signature is in 4/4 time. It gives completeness to the whole. The author also said that The storm which swept through the soul in the first movement has subsided. This movement ends with a satisfactory conclusion. This piano sonata portrays Beethovens emotions and characteristics when he was composing this piano sonata. 1.2 Background of Study Ludwig van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany on 16th December 1770. He died in Vienna, Austria on 26th March 1827. During that time, there were two great composers who were still living which were Mozart and Haydn. Music at that time was the form of entertainment for many people. But in this modern era, music still remains as one of the form of entertainment too. According to Knight, F. (1973), the author said He is also known as a German composer of Flemish descent. He is the son and grandson of musicians at the court of the Elector of Cologne at Bonn. His grandfather, Louise van Beethoven was a court musician in Bonn in 1733 but eventually became the Kapellmeister but his grandfather spent most of his time running a wine business. Johann, his son, Beethovens father was a teacher and a singer at a chapel. He was an alcoholic. He married Beethovens mother, Maria Magdalena in 1767. Ludwig van Beethoven was their second child because their first child died in infancy. His grandfather died when he was three years old. His father taught him to play the harpsichord and the violin just as soon as Beethoven fingers were long enough to play the instruments. His father wanted him to be the next Mozart. So he made him practice hard. Beethovens did not have a happy childhood. When he was eight years old, he started lessons with other teachers besides his father. C.G. Neefe was the court organist and a composer. He was the best teacher to Beethoven from 1779 to 1782 because he taught him to play Bachs forty-eight Preludes and Fugues and composition. He was appointed as court organist when he was about thirteen years old. In 1787, Beethoven went to Vienna, Austria for the first time and it was not a long visit because he had to get back to Bonn to see his mother who was seriously ill. He was so depress when she died. After his mothers death, his home was never well managed and Beethoven always looked untidy. When he was seventeen years old, Beethoven had to look after his family because his father was in a wretched state. Part of his salary was given to Beethoven and this made life easier for Beethoven and his brothers. The van Breuning family is close friends of Beethoven throughout his life. His violin teacher, Franz Anton Reis and the young Count Waldstein helped him in various ways. Beethoven was also very fortunate to have an Elector who loved to spend his time listening to music. Bonn had been invaded by the French armies in 1794. In 1792, Beethoven left Bonn for the last time and he never returned. He travelled to Vienna, Austria. It was also possible that he went to Vienna after being persuaded by Haydn. After arriving in Vienna, Beethoven realized that Vienna has a different musical atmosphere. In Vienna there are more churches, theatres and court compared to Bonn. They are attended by the citys large population. He was busy studying for some years in composition because he always found composing hard and stressful. According to Sadie, S. (1967), the author said that among the earliest of his compositions which are still played today are the three piano sonatas, Op.2, which he dedicated to Haydn. In these we can see how this strong-willed, defiant young mans personality comes out in his music. After completing the Piano Concerto in B flat, he left Vienna for a few months due to a tour. He went to musical centres of Europe which were Prague, Leipzig, Berlin, Budapest and Pressburg. During his journey, he met Prince Lichnowsky who became one of his greatest friends and was also travelling with him. He dedicated one of his finest piano sonatas to Prince Lichnowsky, the Pathetique. In 1798, he started to lose his hearing. He was becoming deaf which is the most painful and terrible fate for a musician. The deafness did not stop him from composing because he had his perfect inner ear as he was a trained and skilled musician. He could hear the sound just by looking at the score. In 1799 and 1800 were the years that he realized that his hearing was deteriorating. He only told two of his closest friends, Franz Wegeler and Karl Amenda of his sickness. He tried various treatments but they all seemed to make him feel worse. Beethovens musical style began to change. There are three periods which can be seen in his life and works. As he was in his thirties, his music began to acquire new and deeper qualities. This was the middle period. His career can be divided into three periods which are the classic period models, the revolutionary pieces which expanded the music vocabulary and compositions which are written in a unique way with elements of contrapuntal, variations and with complete freedom. His pieces became longer, deeper and more expressive. In his last years, he had to carry all his conversations in writing because he became completely deaf by that time. 1.3 Literature Review A few textbooks about music theory were read in order to understand the field of the research. After reading a few of them, it can be seen that a few books say some things which are similar and some things which are different. For example, Willson, R. B. (2009) textbook titled An Introduction to Music Studies gave a brief introduction about music theory and analysis. The book talks about analysis that can be helpful for the performers, it can help us develop our listening skills, give us a mental representation of music and try to understand what the composers did in the past. Theory on the other hand provides a framework for analysis but it did not explain about the analysis of form and rhythm like the other book which is the Dale, C. (2003). The book which was written by Dale, C. (2003) titled Music Analysis in Britain in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, talks about musical analysis of form and rhythm. In the analysis of form chapter, the author explains about ternary and bi nary forms. This chapter also explains on how two of these forms create a larger form such as sonata and rondo. Both these books are helpful in this thesis because it helped in identifying the forms and teaches a person to analyze a score but the Dale, C. (2003) book did not describe about how to develop our listening skills or give us a mental representation of music and also how to understand what the composers did in the past. Another textbook which is Kostka, S. Payne, D. C. (1984) titled Tonal Harmony: With an Introduction to Twentieth Century Music is about music theory and harmony. The authors said that Harmony is defined as the sound that results when two or more pitches are performed simultaneously. It is the vertical aspect of music, produced by the combination of the components of the horizontal aspect. It also describes the elements of pitch and rhythm. It also introduces and teaches us triads, seventh chords, diatonic chords in major and minor keys, voice leading notes, 4 part writing, harmonic progression, non-chord tones, diatonic seventh chords, augmented sixths, neapoliton chords, binary and ternary forms, modulation techniques and enharmonic modulations. However, this textbook did not discuss about the Sonata form, slow movement form and the Rondo form which will be used throughout this entire thesis. But this book can be use as a reference to understand the basics of theory music. A book from Caplin, W. E. (1998) titled Classical Form: A Theory of Formal Functions for the Instrumental Music of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven contains all the information which is needed for this thesis. This book explained about the sonata form in one chapter which consists of the exposition, development and recapitulation. Then there is the slow movement form in another chapter in the book which is usually found in a piano sonatas second movement such as the Beethovens Piano Sonata in c minor, Op.13 Pathetique and it is also known to combine the transition and subordinate theme or can also reduce the size of the development section. Then there is a chapter explaining the rondo form too in the book such as the rondo form is known to have two main types which are the five part rondo and the sonata rondo. The ones that will be used in the thesis are the sonata form, slow movement form and the sonata rondo form to analyze the piano sonata in this thesis. However there are other books which also contains the same information as this book but there are still some differences between them. Green, D. M. (1979) titled Form in Tonal Music: An Introduction to Analysis wrote a book about an introduction to analysis. The author also discusses about the sonata form which is what this thesis wants. The author also told some history about how the sonata form came to being such as the term sonata was usually used for works performed by one or two players only. Then the sonata form was explain just like the book written by Caplin, W. E. (1998) in his chapter of sonata form because Green, D. M. (1979) also explained about the sonata form which must have the exposition, development and recapitulation sections in order to form a sonata form in a piano sonata. He also said that it is usually in the first movement of the piano sonata. His book On the other hand, Rosen, C. (1988) titled Sonata Forms also wrote about the sonata form and said that the first movement sonata form is one of the most complex and very organized series of forms due to the eighteenth century composers who had the tendency to put a great weight on the opening movement which often results to most dramatic structures. The author only briefly explained the sonata form unlike in the books of Caplin, W. E. (1998) and Green, D. M. (1979) but it also helped in giving some information for this thesis. It was easier to understand and the explanation of the sonata form was shorter than the other two books which are mentioned. Schoenberg, A. (1967) titled Fundamentals of Musical Composition also discusses about those forms such as Sonata form consists of three large scales of functions which are the exposition, developments, and recapitulations. Slow movements are constructed in conventional sonata form. There are a few types of rondo forms such as ABACA, ABACADA, ABACABA. But most of the time it can be situated in one of the two main categories which is the five part rondo (ABACA) and the sonata rondo (ABACABA). He did not discuss about the slow movement form which is also going to be used in this thesis in chapter three. There are books which gives descriptions on what the piano sonata sounds like by describing it like a story and what the mood is like in the piece. Beethovens Pianoforte Sonatas: Explained for the Lovers of the Musical Art by Elterlein, E. V. (1920) book describe about the piano sonata like a story. For example, the author describes the first movement by writing that it is one of the composers primary character and when the allegro molto con brio starts the author said that it was like a lava stream that burst out of its bound and charges to the front which no one is able to stop it. The description was very story like and it was easy to understand the mood of the movements in the piano sonata. Fischer, E. (1959) writes about his opinion about this piano sonata in his Beethovens Pianoforte Sonatas: A Guide for Students Amateurs. The author said that the first movement of this piano sonata is like a symphonic work and the last movement is not suitable with the first two. But the second movement was perfect. Dimond, P. (1995) book titled The Art of Beethoven: Volume I is about the piano sonata that is going to be analyzed in this thesis. The first movement starts with Grave, then Allegro molto con brio. It begins in the key of c minor and the time signature is 4/4 time. The second movement is Adagio cantabile. It begins in the key of Ab major and the time signature is 3/4 time. The third movement is a Rondo. It begins in Rondo Allegro and is back in c minor. The time signature is 4/4 time. The book also contains a brief analysis of the three movements of the piano sonata. These books are somewhat similar to one another but also at the same time different because although the y are describing the same piano sonata they describe it in their own way. However, Kreskys book only has some movements of certain piano sonatas which he had analyze. Tonal Music: Twelve Analytic Studies by Kresky, J. (1977) only analyze the second movement of the piano sonata in this thesis. This book is also very useful in chapter three because in this research there is an analysis for the second movement of this piano sonata. Lives of the Great Composers which was written by a few authors but Latham, P. (1943) wrote on a chapter of Beethoven in the book. It is about Beethovens life. It is a biography book about when the composer was born and where he was born. The author also explains the composers life in Bonn, who were his music teacher, when he went to Vienna and stayed there and until he died. Other books which are similar to Latham, P. (1943) book are Solomon, M. (1978) titled Beethoven which also describes about the composers life, The Great Composers: Beethoven written by Sadie, S. (1967), The Master Musicians: Beethoven written by Scott, M. M. (1934), The Stream of Music written by Leonard, R. A. (1967), Thayers Life of Beethoven: Volume I written by Krehbiel, H. (1949), Beethoven: Biography of a Genius written by Merek, G. R. (1969), and Beethoven and the Age of Revolution written by Knight, F. (1973). These books are mostly about Ludwig van Beethovens life, personality, hardships, romance, when he started losing his hearing and when his works were composed. Ludwig van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany on 16th December 1770 and he died in Vienna, Austria on the 26th March 1827. He was a man who gets angry easily, untidy, and difficult to understand. He wrote 32 piano sonatas, 9 symphonies, and so on. He composed the Piano Sonata in c minor, Op.13 Pathetique in 1798 and it was during that time that he noticed he was going deaf. He had a few very close friends and they stayed by his side even though sometimes there are conflicts between them. All these biography books were read in order to understand Beethoven and his music. After reading all of them, it became easier to understand Beethovens characteristics and how his music evolved through the years. In this thesis, Taub, R. (2002) book helped a lot. His book title is Playing the Beethoven Piano Sonatas. It is one of the performance practice books that are found in the University of Malayas main library. He wrote about his opinion on how he thinks this piano sonata should be interpreted. For example, he said that in order to play and effective fp the pianist should depress the keys fast to create forte, then immediately allows the sound to rise so that the sound can be immediately become soft. This information from the author is very helpful in this thesis in chapter four. The piano is the main instrument which is used most in this thesis because the analysis of this thesis is related to the piano. The Pianoforte written by Clutton, C. (1969) is a small chapter from a book titled Musical Instruments through the Ages which is edited by Anthony Baines. The chapter explains about the history of the piano about how it was created and who first created it. The piano was later developed a lot during the classical period. The piano became well known after Mozart started composing music for the piano in the 1770s. Another two similar books which is about the piano are The Piano: A History by Ehrlich, C. (1976) and Keyboard Interpretation: from the 14th to the 19th Century by Ferguson, H. (1975). The touch, fingering, tones, musical types and forms, and pianist problems are very important and must be solved in order to interpret the music successfully. This is related to one of the objectives in this thesis because over the years the piano is always being devel oped in the 18th century until now. So a brief history of the piano should be included in this thesis so that everyone who read this thesis can understand how the piano was made and why different pianos create different sounds. Pedalling techniques are sometimes different on the pianos that the pianists are playing. It will be discussed further in chapter four. 1.4 Objectives There are a few objectives which need to be achieved in doing this topic besides fulfilling my graduation requirement which are: To examine the performance practice of Beethovens early/ middle/ late sonata on todays grand piano but this thesis will only focus on one of his early piano sonata. To analyze the movements and the way it should be played on todays grand piano because during the time of Beethoven, they used a different style and technique to approach this piano sonata. This thesis will help the readers who read this to play the piano sonata if they are having difficulty in understanding how it should be played. To analyze the recording of a few musicians playing this piano sonata whether they are playing similarly or different than what it is written on the score and also to see which pianist piano playing is best to be learnt from. Comparing the urtext edition score and another publisher score to see which version is best. 1.5 Methodology The method that will be applied in this research is mainly on researching secondary resources, surfing through the internet and visiting the libraries which can be gain accessed and permission. In order to understand the field that is chosen, a lot of secondary resources is needed which are books, articles from journals, e journals and thesis. Those secondary resources helped picked the topic and title for this thesis. By going to the University of Malayas main library and also borrowed some of the lecturers books, it can be found that a book titled Classical Form: A Theory of Formal Functions for the Instrumental Music of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven by William Earl Caplin are very useful for this thesis. There is also an article titled The Paradox of Musical Analysis from the Journal of Music Theory which was written by Mark DeBellis which was found in the University of Malayas main library in the journal section. This article gave a brief idea on how the thesis should begin and h ow to start the musical analysis. All the methods which were mentioned will be carried out towards the end of the research because getting more information is very important for this research. The books in the University of Malayas main library also have many biography books of the composer, Ludwig van Beethoven which is in the research. Books which were written by Knight, F., Latham, P., Solomon, M., Sadie, S., Scott, M.M., Leonard, R.A., Krehbiel, H., Merek, G.R. and others all talked about Beethovens life, hardships, compositions that he composed, challenges that he faced and his sickness. The books had many different styles in describing his life, hardships, compositions and challenges. These books can help in the thesis while it is being done because they are like guide books of Beethovens life on what he had done and achieved. Books which are related to performance practice are also used in this thesis are also found in the University of Malayas main library. A book which was written by Taub, R. was about how to play the Beethovens sonata. This book interprets how a Beethoven sonata should be played by the author. A book which was written by Ferguson, H. and Marshall, R. L. will also be used for this thesis. All these books are related to what is being analyzed in this thesis. After finding all the secondary resources for data and understanding them which are related to the thesis, the topic and title of the thesis can now begin analyzing. The scores which are taken from two types of publications will be analyzed. The first analysis is by analyzing the piano sonatas movements such as modulations, dynamics, articulations, pedal points and others. The second analysis is by comparing both editions of the scores which are from different publications to see whether there are similarities or differences. The third analysis is to analyze a video of a pianist who uses one of those editions in interpreting his or her playing of the Beethoven piano sonata on the grand piano. In order to get information for the research, there are many sources that can be access easily through the internet. For example, the JSTOR database and MUSE database. These websites can be accessed for references and articles from journals for the research. With the use of internet, it is also possible to purchase a book through the internet in amazon.com that cannot possibly be purchase in any of Malaysias bookstores. There are books which are sometimes not available in Malaysia because the bookstores in Malaysia did not order them. It is also because those books are not so suitable to everyone. The books are usually bought by musicians and people who want to gain more music knowledge. The internet can also be use to view videos of famous pianist playing the piano sonata. The videos can be easily viewed in Youtube.com. By observing them through the videos, a comparison can be made on which pianist plays the piano sonata better and also which edition of the score is being interprete d the most. All these will be done in chapter two, three and four. A CD will be provided with this thesis for this piano sonata. The CD contains two pianists who play the same piano sonata which is Beethovens Piano Sonata in c minor, Op.13 Pathetique.

Words Expose the Soul :: Writing Education Language Essays

Words Expose the Soul When I was a freshman at Bemidji State I lived in the dorms. My roommates name was Chad. He had a girlfriend who attend Moorhead State. Her name was Jodi. I didn't get a chance to meet Jodi until very late in the year, around February. But up until that time, I had gotten to know her very well. The thing was that since they lived so far apart they didn't call each other until late at night. Most of the time, when she called, Chad wasn't there. It was actually quite ironic, Jodi's roommate was a girl that I graduated with. This led to many conversations, many that over a half an hour. I had seen pictures of her so I knew what she looked like, but I was starting to get a picture of what she was like as a person. I did this through observation of her tone of voice in certain situation, word usage, and overall temperament. By temperament I mean was she happy, sad, or confused in general. All of this gave me a pretty good idea as to what kind of person she was. One day in February I had the opportunity to find out exactly what she like. She came to visit Chad, and stay the night. This gave us a chance to talk face to face. It was very funny, because she was exactly like I thought she would be. I couldn't believe that I had gotten all of this information about her just by listening to the way that she talked. Some might say that a situation like this and one in where you read something are totally different, but I believe that they are very similar. Reading a piece of writing by a person that you do not personally know is the same as having a conversation with a person over the telephone that you have never met before. In both cases you try to get to know the person better by the words that they use. The means of communication makes no difference. One of the main difference between the reading and listening, though, is that when you listen to a person you can detect inflections and tones that a person uses while talking. When you read you have to rely on the author to provide you with the voice of the characters or maybe even himself.

International Business Essay

1. Summarize the globalization debate. What are the major interest groups in the world economy? How are they affected by different elements of globalization? 2. Who benefits and who loses from a shift in jobs to low-wage economies? Consider this question from the perspective of consumers, labour, technological change, firms, nation-states. Are the net benefits likely to be positive? 3. Identify and evaluate the sources of conflict between pressures on companies to operate globally and the desire of governments to regulate companies and activities within their borders. 4. Account for the existence of counter trade in the world economy and explore the view that its influence will continue as a solution to the problem developing countries face when attempting to export to western markets? 5. Analyze the likely impact on domestic markets of import restrictions via tariffs and quotas respectively. Discuss the dynamic side effects that can arise from import protection. 6. In the light of the strategic significance of price discrimination between cross-border markets to firms, evaluate the merits of anti-dumping measures. 7. Outline the static and dynamic effects of a customs union and explain why regional integration blocs composed of small economies are unlikely to be economically beneficial. 8. Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the joint venture over licensing as a foreign market entry mode. Describe scenarios when licensing might be the preferable one of the two entry modes. 9. International franchising is often regarded as a low-risk foreign market entry strategy. Does this view fully reflect the attraction of international franchising as a market entry mode? 10. Under what circumstances would a BOT system make sense as an international marketing strategy?

Free Essays on The Symbolism In “To His Coy Mistress“

The Symbolism in â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† We all have the choice either to take advantage of time or allow time to take advantage of us. This choice has been a struggle for everyone in some point in their lifetime. It has also been a topic in many literary pieces, for example this idea is presented in â€Å"To His Coy Mistress†, a poem by Andrew Marvell. In this poem, the opportunity of living life to the fullest or choosing to waste your time is supplied through symbolism. According to Webster’s Dictionary and Thesaurus symbolism is, â€Å"conveying impressions by suggestion rather than by direct statements†(â€Å"symbolism†). Using symbolism to express ideas makes it possible to visualize things that are not usually perceived, and in this case it makes time seem almost visible. Time is symbolized through a lover attempting to seduce a mistress, â€Å"a lady to whom courtesy and courtly convention and erotic longing attribute a superordinate status, a power to command†(Atlantic), into having a sexual relationship with him. The idea that time is running out is expressed throughout the poem, as the lover uses this excuse for wanting that sort of relationship so urgently. The very first line, â€Å"Had we but world enough, and time†(1) brings out the focus of time directly. It is then reinforced through hyperbole in the following phrases such as â€Å"A hundred years should go to praise / Thine eyes, and on thy forehead gaze; / Two hundred to adore each breast, / But thirty thousand to the rest; / An age at least to every part†(13-17). These lines symbolize the lack of time the lover has to show his mistress the love she is worthy of, â€Å"For, Lady, you deserve this state†(19). He tries to make her feel exceptional, so that he can seduce her into making love with him. Marvell then continues on to symbolize the lack of time using other literary devices. Running out of time is shown in several descriptive ways. For example, the pe... Free Essays on The Symbolism In â€Å"To His Coy Mistressâ€Å" Free Essays on The Symbolism In â€Å"To His Coy Mistressâ€Å" The Symbolism in â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† We all have the choice either to take advantage of time or allow time to take advantage of us. This choice has been a struggle for everyone in some point in their lifetime. It has also been a topic in many literary pieces, for example this idea is presented in â€Å"To His Coy Mistress†, a poem by Andrew Marvell. In this poem, the opportunity of living life to the fullest or choosing to waste your time is supplied through symbolism. According to Webster’s Dictionary and Thesaurus symbolism is, â€Å"conveying impressions by suggestion rather than by direct statements†(â€Å"symbolism†). Using symbolism to express ideas makes it possible to visualize things that are not usually perceived, and in this case it makes time seem almost visible. Time is symbolized through a lover attempting to seduce a mistress, â€Å"a lady to whom courtesy and courtly convention and erotic longing attribute a superordinate status, a power to command†(Atlantic), into having a sexual relationship with him. The idea that time is running out is expressed throughout the poem, as the lover uses this excuse for wanting that sort of relationship so urgently. The very first line, â€Å"Had we but world enough, and time†(1) brings out the focus of time directly. It is then reinforced through hyperbole in the following phrases such as â€Å"A hundred years should go to praise / Thine eyes, and on thy forehead gaze; / Two hundred to adore each breast, / But thirty thousand to the rest; / An age at least to every part†(13-17). These lines symbolize the lack of time the lover has to show his mistress the love she is worthy of, â€Å"For, Lady, you deserve this state†(19). He tries to make her feel exceptional, so that he can seduce her into making love with him. Marvell then continues on to symbolize the lack of time using other literary devices. Running out of time is shown in several descriptive ways. For example, the pe...

Freedom and Authority in the Tempest Essays

Freedom and Authority in the Tempest Essays Freedom and Authority in the Tempest Paper Freedom and Authority in the Tempest Paper It proves the situation the sailors have been left in. You can almost describe the sailors as being confined from the rest of the island by their own sleep. Another element of this imprisonment is the fact that Prospero and Miranda are trapped on the island, they are unable to go anywhere else safely. They were as good as given the death penalty when they were put on a rotten carcass of a butt, not rigged, nor tackle, sail, nor mast. But their arrival on the island cannot be seen as them being given their freedom, as they are restricted to the island, unable to go anywhere, like being given a prison sentence to life on the island. Miranda does not, however see herself as being imprisoned, because that is how she had been brought up and would not have known any difference although in reality she is confined and deprived. The further implications of this confinement to the island are clearly seen later on in Mirandas remarks upon seeing Ferdinand for the first time. It carries a brave form. But tis a spirit A thing divine, for nothing natural I ever saw so noble. , this is not because Ferdinand is so incredibly handsome, but because he is the first man, bar her father than Miranda can ever remember seeing, which means that any other human is going to be beautiful to her. Similarly the implications of this entrapment on the island is visible in Prospero by his ever-growing sense of wanting power. Following his banishment from his Dukedom he is reluctant to let go of Miranda to another man an in turn uses Ferdinand as his slave, showing he is unwilling to have another human being on the island without them under his authority. Or this can be seen as the caring father scared for his confused teenage daughter to get hurt, as he probably well knows what it feels like to be betrayed or cheated by someone close to you, in Prosperos case, Antonio.

Is torture ever Acceptable Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Is torture ever Acceptable - Essay Example The paper tells that the idea of torturing someone takes one to guess the account of investigative authorities. Torture is mostly done for the purpose of getting useful information which might be involved with a crime. Avid investigation through the aid of torture can lead to help saving lives and property. But at the same time, torturing someone who is not aware of the desired information will be an illegal attempt as it will violate rights of the individual. Proponents of torture being accepted as a legal way claim that torture is the only way to get the information from the criminals. It should be noted that criminals can be very dangerous as they plan brutal attacks on the innocent just for their interest. In such cases, investigative teams have no other options but to torture the suspected so that they can get the information regarding any mishap (Ball and Gready). This will not just save the private property but also save lives of people. If criminals will be aware of the fact that they can be brutally tortured then they are most likely to avoid their wrongdoings. This could be a threat to the criminal gangs who will have clear idea as to being charged for death penalty as a result of information being released by gang members for being tortured. The opponents on the other hand consider torture to be a morally incorrect approach to get the information from the suspects. It has been argument that at times the suspect can be someone who is not aware of the issue.... It should be noted that the proponents of the torture being acceptable have made use of the word intensity in the debate many times. This means that the investigative teams have been using a certain degree of torture to get the information necessary for the execution of the case. Most notably, it has been stated that criminals are not killed for the need of information but they are rather beaten to some intensity (Huggins). This intensity of torture can vary from one case to another. The proponents believe that by such a claim, it becomes easy to understand that torture is a way to threaten a criminal to surrender to the police and help them in defusing any criminal plan which may affect people and property (DesAutels and Walker). Thus, from the above debate it can be said that the use of torture as a tool by the investigative is effective in getting necessary information for any terrorist’s attacks or some other criminal planning that will affect the humans and property. But on the other hand, many people have debated that usage of torture as a tool can be unfair in terms of morals and ethics. It is thus suggested that a certain degree of torture should be done. It is very important to get information from the criminals in case of saving lives of innocent people. It is thus understandable that one life at stake is better than putting many other innocent lives on stakes. It is also suggested that the intensity of the torture is confined to certain degree. The mental threat is considered effective in changing the minds of the criminals. Another most important postulate that needs understanding and attention of the investigative teams is that suspects must not be innocent people. Torturing an innocent

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 3

Research Paper Example The most recent statistics related to cyber bullying have pointed to a very worrying social trend that is associated with the social media usage. According to the 2014 cyber bullying statistics, 70% of the youths globally are being bullied through social media, while 37% of them are experiencing highly frequent bullying (Bullyingstatistics.org, n.p.). Additionally, according to a recent report released by the joint task force of the Department of Education and Skills (DES) and the National Office for Suicide Prevention (NOSP), the victims of social media bullying are increasingly showing signs of poor peer relationships, increased anxiety, poor academic performance, psychological instabilities, self-harm tendencies and suicidal thoughts (Gleeson, 5). Nevertheless, it is not only the victims who are negatively affected, since the cyber bullies are increasingly showing behavioral anomalies. The statistics on the effects of social media bullying are even running from alarming to totally terrifying. For example, the recent data on the implications of social media bullying, such as the one reported by the Megan Meier Foundation, indicated that 29% of the social media bullying victims, and 38% of the frequently cyber-bullied victims reported either suicidal thoughts or suicidal attempts (Megan Meier Foundation, n.p.). The stroke that breaks the camel’s back is the evidence that suicide ranks as the third leading cause of death for young people between the age of 15-24 years (Megan Meier Foundation, n.p.). It is when such realities start to dawn on the society that the society finally realizes that a tool that was first meant to enhance social welfare, can turn into a destructive social weapon, which eats the society from within , in a manner that cannot be easily mitigated. At this point it becomes necessary to pause and ask; why is social media bullying such and pandemic for the modern society? The answer to this question is that statistics

Road Transport Directive Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6750 words

Road Transport Directive - Coursework Example RTD enforcement will lead to denser networks of Distribution Hubs in the UK. RTD enforcement has come as a boon to property consultants. As stricter regulations means, companies want to spare time on transport of goods. This calls for relocalisation of existing warehouses, and gradual expansion into large-scale Distribution centres (DC's). The main aim of this research proposal is, to look into several interconnected factors that support our hypothesis; we investigate the pattern of warehouse development in the UK in recent years, and try to isolate any tendency for locational hotspots. Our assumption lies in the volatile Midlands region. After identification, we study the impact of a host of parameters like location, labour and advances in warehouse design to validate the hypothesis. We had to restrict the scope and feasibility of our study on conceptual model to theoretical description only, also the results that followed from UK's distribution using isochronous models, as data access is difficult. With the adoption of the full-fledged EU Working Time Directive with effect from April 2005, transport companies are facing a crunch in meeting delivery commitments. The only thing that can offset difficulties posed by shortage of HGV drivers is an overhaul of the existing distribution supply chain, to find out areas of deficiency, and systematically examine the development of the distribution shed market for future needs of the UK economy. One big spin-off from globalisation, has been the switch from sourcing materials and products from UK suppliers to a global

Demography of China Essay Example for Free

Demography of China Essay The demographic situation in Peoples Republic of China is one of the burning issues nowadays widely discussed in the global community. Today, Chinas population is over 1. 3 billion, the largest of any country in the world. So every 5th person in the world is coming from China. The population of China is greater than the entire world 150 years ago. Every year the population of China increases by 14 million people (the number of people in Texas or Chile). Each decade it increases by about 130 million (more than the population of Japan). About 39,000 new people are added every day. Cultural prerequisites for such family expanding tradition: The Chinese traditionally prefer early marriage, early child-bearing, and large families. Each married women usually raises between five and six children. The Chinese say: more children means great happiness. Population Problems in China. There is a great number of social, economic and environmental problems evoked by the demographic situation. * High unemployment rate. The competition to find a job is very high and as Chinese people saying themselves: â€Å"I’m frightened for my children`s future, China’s biggest problem is the population†. As a result a lot of people migrate to a bigger cities or to neighboring countries to seek for a job. * Water and food shortages. As the worlds population increases, so too does its need for food and water the two resources which are absolutely necessary to sustain life. The Asian giant has been warned by one of its own groundwater experts to either cut its food production or else face dire water levels, especially in the dry northwest plains. If not, aquifers will sink to dire levels not seen in 30 years. For example, the yellow river is dying up. The river has been overused and abused. Dozens of dams block its flow, drawing off huge quantities of water to grow cotton in the desert. * Housing shortages. China has an acute shortage of housing, attributable not only to the large annual increases in population (over 10 million a year) that must be accommodated but also to the long-standing policy of directing investment funds into heavy industry rather than into housing and other social amenities. As a result of expensive housing, people are forced o live in poor conditions and share a flat with big number of people. * Chronic air and water pollution problems are now evident in rural and urban areas throughout the country. China didn’t join Kiyoto protocol, so having a well- developed industry it keeps on emitting CO2 in great quantities. Air pollution is all over China, even harming the most picturesque locations. Acid rain is also a common place. * All of these are issues that the Chinese government must struggle and find a lot of solutions in order improve the lives of its people.

Strategic Human Resource Management In Hyundai

Strategic Human Resource Management In Hyundai Strategic human resource management is the process of linkingthe human resource function with the strategic objectives of the organization in order to improve performance. If a global company is to function successfully, strategies at different levels need to inter-relate.   An organizations [human resource management] policies and practices must  ¬Ã‚ t with its strategy  in its competitive environment and with the immediate business conditions that it faces.   The [human resources-business strategy] alignment cannot necessarily be  characterized in the logical and sequential way suggested by some writers; rather, the design of an HR system complex and iterative process 1.2.The Purpose of strategic Human Resource Management activities in Hyundai Over the past decade, HR researchers and practitioners have focused their  attentionon other important questions. First, what determines whether an organization adoptsa strategic approach to HRM, and how is HR strategy formulated? Of interest is whichorganizations are most likely to adopt a strategic approach to HRM. Is there, forexample, a positive association with a given set  of external and internal characteristicsor contingencies and the adoption of SHRM? Another area of interest concerns thepolicies and practices making up different HR strategies. Is it possible to identify acluster or bundle of HR  practices with different strategic competitive models? Finally,much research productivity in recent years has been devoted to examining the rela-tionship between different clusters of HR practices and organizational performance.Does HR strategy really matter? For organizational practitioners who are looking forways to gain a competitive advantage, the implication of HR strateg ic choices forcompany performance is certainly the key factor. 1.3.contributions of strategic Human Resource Management to the achievement of Hyundai Motors Objectives Management PolicyIn 2000, Hyundai Motor and Kia Motors merged to form the Hyundai Automotive Group and implemented a Ã’horizontal management system in September 25 of that year. The horizontal managementsystem gives departmental teams extensive power to carry out corporate policies and implement their own action plans based on those policies. The horizontal management system is guided by three principles: 1) Trust-Based Management 2) Site-Intensive Management 3) Transparent Management. These principles, together with the environmental policy mentioned later in this report, give direction to the management strategies that drive our business. In 2003, we established four objectives to be met in the mid- to long-term strategies: 1) enhance product value, 2) establish a global production system, 3) increase brand power, 4) improve environmental management systems. 2.1.the business factors that underpin human resource planning: According to company officials, Hyundais six assembly plants with a yearly production capacity of 1.65 million vehicles, were operating at only 40 percent of their capacity. In May, 1998, Hyundai reacted to this grim situation by announcing plans to lay off 27 percent of its 46,000 workforce in South Korea and to cut pay bonuses and benefits in a bid to save 230 billion won. Unfortunately for the management of the company, Hyundai had one of the most powerful and militant unions. The decision of the company to lay off workers sparked off agitations not only in Hyundai but in other companies too. The unions were particularly offended at the governments approval of Hyundais decision. In a demonstration in Ulsan, where Hyundai has its biggest automobile plant, 32,000 employees participated in rallies. All across South Korea almost 1,20,000 employees from about 125 companies participated in demonstrations against Hyundai and the governments decision. The government had to deploy nearly 20,000 riot police to control the demonstrators 2.2. assessment of human resorce requirements Hyundai Motor Co., formed in 1967, was a part of the large South Korean Chaebol the Hyundai Group until the group split in September 2000. In the last four decades, Hyundai managed to establish itself all over the world as a company producing reliable, technically sound and stylish automobiles.   In the 90s, the company started aggressive overseas expansion programs. By the late 90s, when Southeast Asian crisis struck, the company like all the other chaebols, faced serious financial problems. To survive, it had to cut its labor force. The company offered various retirement schemes, unpaid leave for two years, etc. to workers, and expressed its inability to support its entire workforce in the slack period. The unions refused to compromise and the management too held its ground. Finally, the government intervened to force a negotiated settlement between the union and the management. 2.3. Human Resorce Plan in Hyundai Hyundai Motor Co., formed in 1967, was a part of the large South Korean Chaebol the Hyundai Group until the group split in September 2000. In the last four decades, Hyundai managed to establish itself all over the world as a company producing reliable, technically sound and stylish automobiles. In the 90s, the company started aggressive overseas expansion programs. By the late 90s, when Southeast Asian crisis struck, the company like all the other chaebols, faced serious financial problems. To survive, it had to cut its labor force. The company offered various retirement schemes, unpaid leave for two years, etc. to workers, and expressed its inability to support its entire workforce in the slack period. The unions refused to compromise and the management too held its ground. Finally, the government intervened to force a negotiated settlement between the union and the management. 2.4.Human Resource Plan contribute to meet Hyundai objectives:: Company strategies and Government policies each arise from the decision-makers views of their own bargaining strengths and those of other relevant actors, as well as their assessments of opportunity costs and their willingness to forego any dealings with the other party. Among the many actors that are relevant to policymaking, TNCs constitute a particularly significant group, since they affect employment, generate and distribute income, alter the balance of payments, assist in regional development, create technology and impinge on other policy areas.Governments are crucial in affecting company strategies, since they set the rules of the game. These conditions lead to the bargaining relationship between TNCs and Governments. That relationship can be viewed as a jointmaximizing (or mini-max) problem as in the theory of games with each side seeking to pursue its goals constrained by its resources, its dependence on the other party and its relationships with other actors. 3.1. The Purpose of Human Resource Management Policies In Ashok Leyland. Human resource management policies are vital for organizations that are serious about resolving personnel issues and finding hr solutions. HRM policies are intended to help maximize the effectiveness of your Human Resources function.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ HR should ensure that HRM policy you have consistent, well-written legal policies and procedures. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ HRM policy should provide hr advices for the organizations needing help with specific HR-related issues à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Individuals and organizations who are serious about human resources should understand the bottom-line importance of job evaluation, job descriptions and effective policies.   Types of HRM Policies: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Attendance Policy Attendance Policy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Recruitment Policy Recruitment Policy   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Leave of Absence Policy Leave of Absence Policy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performance Planning and Evaluation Performance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Probationary Period à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Compensation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Compensatory Leave à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Overtime Leave à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Annual Leave à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Educational Leave, 3.2. The Impact of regulatory requirements on human resource policies in Ashok Leyland: The Human Resources regulatory compliance arena continues to be a myriad of ever changing state and federal mandates.   The cost of ensuring compliance continues to climb with each new regulation however, in many cases, small and medium sized businesses simply cannot keep up. AlphaStaff provides Human Resources Regulatory Compliance services that control costs, systematically address key compliance issues, and provides legal liability protection. AlphaStaffs unique approach develops  a Human Resources regulatory  compliance foundation and tailors  it to meet your business needs. Conclussion: HR Audit   Unsure if you are in regulatory compliance? We will review your hiring practices, record keeping, policies and past practices and make recommendations. HR Posters, Forms   Handbooks   We will supply regulatory compliance posters, provide forms (hard copies and online) and develop customized employee handbooks that  ensure  your compliance. Hiring Assistance   We will assist with job descriptions,  interview training,  handle background and drug screening and post your jobs. Administration   Tired of records retention? Let us do it all personnel files, verifications of employment, unemployment responses, FMLA and your EEOC reports and charge answers. HR Consulting Services   Call us with your employee issues and we will provide creative solutions that best fit your needs but maintain your compliant Human Resources foundation. Training   We can provide online or classroom training on Human Resources business issues ranging from Diversity to Management Training to Dealing with the Difficult Customer. EPLI   You will be protected from discrimination, wrongful termination and harassment suits through our premier Employment Practices Liability Insurance coverage. EAP   Employee Assistance Programs that provide counseling and guidance to your employees available 24/7 through an 800 hotline. REVIEWING HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: 4.1.Analyse the impact of organizational structure on the management of human resources: Organizational design and structure.  As we mentioned earlier, modifying the organizations basic structure may be a way of changing the existing norms, and hence the culture. For example, a culture of mistrust between the leaders and the members of an organization may be exacerbated by a line structure that discourages vertical communication. Organizational systems and procedures.  The simplest definition of culture is thats the way we do things around here. Routines or procedures can become so embedded that they become part of the culture, and changing the culture necessitates changing those routines. We can all think of organizations where a weekly or monthly meeting takes on a life of its own, becomes more formalized, lengthy, and elaborate, and becomes the only way information moves within the organization. Changing the culture to improve communication may only be possible by changing the meeting procedures or eliminating the meetings altogether. Design of physical space, facades, and buildings.  The impact of the design of buildings on culture can easily be illustrated by considering the executive perks in an organization. Which organization do you think will have a more open and participative culture, one where top executives have reserved parking spaces, top floor offices, a special elevator and an executive dining room, or one where the executive offices are not separated from the rest of the company and executives park and eat in the same place as their employees? Stories about important events and people.  This is a way that culture is perpetuated in an organization, in that it helps define and solidify the organizations identity. By what events and stories they emphasize, leaders influence that identity. Formal statements of organizational philosophy, creeds, and charts.  This is the way leaders most often try and influence their organizations, and encompasses the vision or mission statement and statements of the organizations (or the leaders) values and philosophy. By themselves, however, formal statements will have little effect on the organizations culture. They must be linked to actions to affect culture. 4.2. Analyse the impact of organizational Culture on the management of human resources: Why is culture so important to an organization? Edgar Schein, an MIT Professor of Management and author of  Organizational Culture and Leadership: A Dynamic View,  suggests that an organizations culture develops to help it cope with its environment. Today, organizational leaders are confronted with many complex issues during their attempts to generate organizational achievement in VUCA environments. A leaders success will depend, to a great extent, upon understanding organizational culture. Schein contends that many of the problems confronting leaders can be traced to their inability to analyze and evaluate organizational cultures. Many leaders, when trying to implement new strategies or a strategic plan leading to a new vision, will discover that their strategies will fail if they are inconsistent with the organizations culture. A CEO, SES, political appointee, or flag officer who comes into an organization prepared to shake the place up and institute sweeping changes, often experiences resistance to changes and failure. Difficulties with organizational transformations arise from failures to analyze an organizations existing culture. WHAT IS ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE? There is no single definition for organizational culture. The topic has been studied from a variety of perspectives ranging from disciplines such as anthropology and sociology, to the applied disciplines of organizational behavior, management science, and organizational communication. Some of the definitions are listed below: A set of common understandings around which action is organized, . . . finding expression in language whose nuances are peculiar to the group (Becker and Geer 1960). A set of understandings or meanings shared by a group of people that are largely tacit among members and are clearly relevant and distinctive to the particular group which are also passed on to new members (Louis 1980). A system of knowledge, of standards for perceiving, believing, evaluating and acting . . . that serve to relate human communities to their environmental settings (Allaire and Firsirotu 1984). The deeper level of basic assumptions and beliefs that are: learned responses to the groups problems of survival in its external environment and its problems of internal integration; are shared by members of an organization; that operate unconsciously; and that define in a basic taken -for-granted fashion in an organizations view of itself and its environment (Schein 1988). Any social system arising from a network of shared ideologies consisting of two components: substance-the networks of meaning associated with ideologies, norms, and values; and forms-the practices whereby the meanings are expressed, affirmed, and communicated to members (Trice and Beyer 1984). . 4.3.the effectiveness of human resources management is monitored in organisation: Cultural forms function as the linking mechanism by which networks of understanding develop among employees. (Trice, 1988) The cultural forms shown in the table on pages 293-94 act as a medium for communicating ideologies, values, and norms. Cultural forms enable leaders to transmit messages about desirable culture to influence thinking and ways of behaving. Cultural forms also address the emotional aspects of organizations that are commonly referred to as cohesion or camaraderie. Organizational scholars Janice Beyer and Harrison Trice elaborate on this point: Cultural forms not only aid sensemaking through the meanings they convey; they also aid the sensemaking process through the emotional reassurances they provide that help people persist in their coping efforts. Forms provide a concrete anchoring point, even if the meaning they carry are vague and only imperfectly transmitted.Also many cultural forms involve the expression of emotion and, by this venting of emotions, help people to cope with stress. Federal agencies are replete with cultural forms that serve these purposes. However the challenges facing strategic leaders of these agencies involve creating and orchestrating cultural forms that can foster change and have longevity beyond their tenure.Cultural forms that have longevity by their nature such as rites and ceremonies reaffirm the organizations core ideologies, values and norms. 4.4. Recommendation to improve the effectiveness of human resources management in an organisation Strategic leadership needs to be transformational if it is to serve the organization. Transformational leaders must operate from a foundation of high morality and ethical practices and Culture is deep seated and difficult to change, but leaders can influence or manage an organizations culture. It isnt easy, and it cannot be done rapidly, but leaders can have an effect on culture. Schein outlines some specific steps leaders can employ: What leaders pay attention to, measure and control.  Something as simple as what is emphasized or measured, over time, can have an effect on an organizations culture. One example of this is an emphasis on form over substance. If leaders pay more attention to form, an organizational culture can develop where people start to believe that the substance of a recommendation is less important than the way it is presented. One can recall when more attention was paid to the format of viewgraphs used in a briefing than what was said; what we characterize as eyewash. Where do you think people will focus their effort once it becomes accepted that a slick presentation is what the leaders are looking for? How could you go about changing that aspect of the organizations culture? Consider cultural assumptions and beliefs underlying a zero defects organizational mentality. You must always be perfect; mistakes arent allowed. If this assumption reflects a dysfunctional aspect of an organizations culture, how would you go about changing that perception? Leader reactions to critical incidents and organizational crises.  The way leaders react to crises says a lot about the organizations values, norms and culture. Crises, by their nature, bring out the organizations underlying core values. Often, this is where rhetoric becomes apparent. Reactions to crises are normally highly visible, because everyones attention is focused on the incident or situation. Disconnects between actions and words will usually be apparent, and actions always speak louder than words. Additionally, a crisis not only brings a great deal of attention, it also generates a great deal of emotional involvement on the part of those associated with the organization, particularly if the crisis threatens the organizations survival. This increases the potential for either reinforcing the existing culture, or leading to a change in the culture. Such a crisis can provide an opportunity for a leader to influence the organizations culture in either a positive or a negative w ay. Deliberate role modeling, teaching, and coaching.  Nothing can take the place of leaders walking their talk. The personal example of a strategic leader can send a powerful message to the members of an organization, particularly if it is ethical and consistent. Reinforcing that example with teaching and coaching will help others to internalize the desired values. Criteria for allocation of rewards and status.  The consequences of behavior-what behavior is rewarded and what is punished-can significantly influence culture. If the organization reacts to new ideas by ridiculing the ideas and those who propose them, it wont take long before people believe that new ideas are not welcomed or desired. One belief of perceived organizational culture is reflected in the statement: Dont raise questions or suggest improvements, because nothing will come of it and you will just get in trouble. If you were in an organizations strategic leader, what steps could you take to alter the reward system to change this aspect of the culture? Criteria for recruitment, selection, promotion, retirement and excommunication.  One of the powerful ways of changing an organizations culture is through the type of people brought into, retained, and advanced in the organization. You should be able to establish a desired culture base in an organization by bringing in and advancing individuals with the values you want, and eliminating those with undesired value bases. 1. Dont oversimplify culture or confuse it with climate, values, or corporate philosophy. Culture  underlies  and largely  determines  these other variables. Trying to change values or climate without getting at the underlying culture will be a futile effort. 2. Dont label culture as solely a human resources (read touchy-feely) aspect of an organization, affecting only its human side. The impact of culture goes far beyond the human side of the organization to affect and influence its basic mission and goals. 3. Dont assume that the leader can manipulate culture as he or she can control many other aspects of the organization. Culture, because it is largely determined and controlled by the members of the organization, not the leaders, is different. Culture may end up controlling the leader rather than being controlled by him or her. 4. Dont assume that there is a correct culture, or that a strong culture is better than a weak one. It should be apparent that different cultures may fit different organizations and their environments, and that the desirability of a strong culture depends on how well it supports the organizations strategic goals and objectives. 5. Dont assume that all the aspects of an organizations culture are important, or will have a major impact on the functioning of the organization. Some elements of an organizations culture may have little impact on its functioning, and the leader must distinguish which elements are important, and focus on those. 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