Renaissance Artists and Their Famous Contributions Essay Example For Students

Renaissance Artists and Their Famous Contributions Essay Denotable was a Renaissance craftsman conceived in Florence, Italy. He was well known for his work of art in bas alleviation, a kind of shadow help design. Imprint Eocene I The Feast of Hero David I Equestrian Monument of Guatemala Judith and Holiness I Poetical was an Italian painter of the Early Renaissance. He hailed from Florence, Italy. Grit Worship of the Magi The Birth of Venus I Primitive Costello Annunciation Augustine I Venus and Mars Magical Nativity Allurement of Christ I Father Vinci was somebody who was gifted and proficient in many, numerous subjects, including science, arithmetic, music, and in particular, craftsmanship. He was the exemplification off Renaissance man if there never was one. The Last Supper Mona Lisa Vitiation Man I The Baptism of Christ Annunciation Woman with an Ermine I Genera De Bench Love of the Magi Jerome in the Wilderness Also known as Michelangelo, he was an Italian Renaissance craftsman. He is regularly viewed as a contender for the title of the prototype Renaissance man, nearby Leonardo father Vinci. Sistine Chapel roof Making of Adam The Last Judgment Tendon The Torment of Saint Anthony The Conversion of Saul I Pietyðâ ¤ Bacchus I Dont David Better known as Just Raphael, an Italian planner and painter of the High Renaissance. He was most popular for the flawlessness and elegance in his work of art. Raphael was viewed as an ace, among Leonardo father Vinci, and Michelangelo.. School of Athens The Transfiguration The Marriage of the Virgin I Resurrection of Christ Self-representation La beauty Sardiniaðâ ©reel Ezekiel Vision The Sistine Madonna Madonna and Child proficient with scene compositions, representations, and mysterious subjects. Assault of Europe Sacrosanct and Profane Love Peaceful Concert I of the Virgin Christ Carrying the Cross The Flaying of Martyrs I Prudence The Worship of Venus Self-representation Assumptio

Occupation Health and Safety Multidisciplinary

Question: Depict about the Occupation Health and Safety for Multidisciplinary. Answer: Word related Health and Safety in Construction and Heavy Lifting Industry Word related wellbeing and security is a multidisciplinary field that is related with the government assistance, wellbeing and security of the individuals at work. The objective of word related wellbeing and security is to encourage a sound and safe workplace. This task will talk about the different viewpoints and components of word related wellbeing and security that will incorporate the specialized turns of events, codes of training, wellbeing and wellbeing enactment, control methods and hazard appraisal as my intelligent record for evaluation of my work obligations and duties regarding the truly difficult work and development industry. Component 1.1 Being a HSQE proficient, the initial step that will be taken by me for advancement of hazard evaluation and including the control quantifies by ensuring that they meet the vital legal necessities, best act of the business and the hierarchical prerequisites. I will be associated with preparing and execution of the accessible workforce, lead work environment investigations, distinguish and assess dangers and screen frameworks identified with wellbeing and security. I will keep up a few kinds of records applicable to the undertaking that will be going about as the assets for getting to the wellbeing and security enactment and best practice. Danger distinguishing proof control, appraisal of undertaking hazard and the related control measures are the ones required for meeting the business best practices, hierarchical necessities and legal prerequisites. The assets that will be made accessible are the rundown of lawful prerequisites as per the ADMA/OSHAD and the UAE Federal Law, JSA of the individual representatives reliant on their activity jobs, review and work environment investigation records, minutes of the TRA gatherings with customer remarks and different proposals and remarks from the HSQE experts. Aside from these, different reports as records and proof that must be utilized are gear agendas for all the hardware accessible in the association like fire dousers, weight siphons and stepping stools, consistence agendas, execution survey records, preparing framework and interior reminders. The Federal work law of UAE incorporates the wellbeing and security of the laborers in the articles 91 to 101 (Elaws.gov.ae). These are the assets that will be looked into by me in all the time according to the authoritative and legal necessities. By looking into these assets, I will have the option to distinguish and recognize holes in the current framework in the event that it neglects to consent to the Federal Laws and other administrative prerequisites of UAE and being an e xpert, I will have the option to find a way to guarantee that the association conforms to the most recent authoritative necessities. Component 1.2 Wellbeing and security are a piece of each business simply like quality and creation. Being a HSQE proficient, it is my duty to deal with the wellbeing and security in the association by utilizing and assessing the accessible wellbeing and security data that will be trailed by embraced explore for building up the hierarchical prerequisites. I will set the destinations of wellbeing and security and create plans for accomplishing them by making somebody liable for completing things. The dependable will be given the assets and abilities for carrying out the responsibility and it will be managed by me that the destinations are met (Bowal and Ariel). For making the framework increasingly successful, I will change and assessing the accessible assets, talk with the workers and archive the whole framework. Data picked up from the assets will explore the discoveries and actualize the necessary activities by me for the distinguished holes by speaking with the partners identified with the wellbeing and security of the association. Correspondence will be made with the workforce for inspiring them for keeping up and building up a security culture in the association. The temporary workers will be spoken with for furnishing wellbeing and security preparing with enlistment before beginning of the work with truly difficult work. The guests will be enough spoken with to guarantee that they are very acquainted with the necessities of wellbeing and security considering prerequisites of the non-English talking guests who have handicaps and are uneducated (Goetsch). The clients will be conveyed for giving them the fundamental wellbeing and security insurances while providing them with the administrations, substances and articles. These are the fundamental exercises that will be completed by me for g uaranteeing the execution of the discoveries from the directed research. Component 2.1 In my association, the crucial data with respect to wellbeing and security in a hard work and development will be gone on through different specialized strategies that will incorporate proper preparing, acceptance preparing, banners and notification, signs, gifts, letters and messages and up close and personal correspondences. Data will be spoken as for the gear checks will be finished by the composed safe methods with the appraisal of the PPE (individual defensive hardware) (Lpez-Alonso et al.). For this, I will discuss the representatives with the activity steps, potential dangers related and the suggested systems for safe occupation as truly difficult work includes a great deal of perils. A subsequent preparing and review will be directed for guaranteeing that the gear will be in a similar working state as it was when purchased. I will do an examination to decide the mishaps with the close to misses that are engaged with the gear to recognize the underlying driver and forestall th e future event dangers. The discoveries will be conveyed to the capable partners through preparing and signs and images. I will order the items that need declarations and information sheets dependent on the sort of development and truly difficult work or the material as required upkeep levels, part structure life and disappointment impact classes for their use. This will alarm the customer with respect to the use and ramifications of the items in regards to their support and strength (Manu et al.). I will ignore the data about new wellbeing efforts and activities for their execution by working out the components required for commitment of the staff individuals, planning instructional pamphlets that are exceptionally powerful, delivering banners that have high effect and making video content that are connecting with for all the representatives with the end goal of truly difficult work exercises. Component 2.2 The techniques and modes of correspondences that are to be utilized in the truly difficult work association need the thought of the entrance of the individual and the gathering laborers to a specific strategy. I will pick the specialized strategy considering its viability in the building site and the simplicity of the technique. The brilliant guideline that I will consider is that I won't utilize a solitary strategy and will utilize different correspondence channels for guaranteeing that substance of the message is rich (Andreasen). A portion of the specialized strategies that will be considered by me are verbal, non-verbal, electronic, composed, casual and formal. The instances of the mediums will incorporate Toolbox talks, messages, fax, updates, banners, telephone discussions and minutes of the gatherings. It has been seen in the development associations that greater part of the staff individuals don't normally get to their email accounts and along these lines, I won't give email as a need for correspondence. For truly difficult work associations, Toolbox Talks are the best mechanism of correspondence as they can be directed at the place of work and the gathering will be short in length (Yates). For the representatives who don't routinely get to their messages, I will set up banners, reminders and minutes of the gatherings on a board for correspondence and it will likewise be utilized for social occasion thoughts from the workers. On the off chance that the workers are not accessible for direct correspondence, telephone discussions will be utilized for discussing them with the data and I will utilize fax for a much comparable reason. Component 2.3 The partners are the ones who are influenced by the activities of the association as they have the worry or enthusiasm for the association. Mishaps at the building website because of hard work can be accounted for promptly either via telephone or online with all the significant subtleties to me as I am the HSQE proficient. From there on, I will enter the subtleties in the mishap book for learning the events. On the off chance that the worker should be alluded to a medical clinic or specialist in the wake of giving the emergency treatment, I will advise the case quickly to the senior organization agents present nearby and the organization office through telephone discussion. A careful examination will be done by me alongside the other organization agents and that will be trailed by the presentation of control measures for evading future issues. Episodes and mishaps will be imparted to me by the different offices and destinations occupied with hard work in regards to the deadly and non-lethal wounds. I will report the perilous events, significant wounds and lethal mishaps to the assigned or close by social insurance office that is out of my association. The Ministry of Labor in UAE requires the association to report the instances of business related wounds to its office inside 24 hours of their event (Mol.gov.ae). Along these lines, it will be compulsory for me to report the word related wounds to the MOL which will likewise incorporate the illnesses that are enrolled in the plan of the word related work malady of UAE. Component 2.4 The procedure of normal support of the overwhelming hardware in truly difficult work and building locales requires exact and complete records and agendas of adjusting. The way toward illustrating the expert

Medical Gas Safety Essay Example

Clinical Gas Safety Paper The developing requirement for clinical gas conveyance frameworks is unavoidable however the government assistance of the patients and the clinical work force is significant consequently the requirement for severe consistence with security principles, codes, and systems is an absolute necessity. Clinical gas frameworks of the here and now are advanced that the pipes frameworks legitimately runs towards the zone where the gas is managed to the patient or utilized in the strategy for the consideration of the patient(Lyczko). Sedation gas supplies are either conveyed through these pipelines or gas chambers. Oxygen, air, nitrogen, and nitrous oxide are the regular gases used in emergency clinics particularly in clinical working rooms. The clinical gas frameworks have the previously mentioned gases as indispensable parts of the fumes vacuum for the rummaging or waste sedation gas removal (WAGD). These gases should be appropriately checked by the anesthesiologist just as the gas machines to guarantee that the patients are sheltered and liberated from perils because of these gases(Morgan). The most required clinical gas particularly in careful territory is oxygen which is 99% or 99. 5% unadulterated. We will compose a custom paper test on Medical Gas Safety explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Medical Gas Safety explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Medical Gas Safety explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Assembling of oxygen is through partial refining of melted air. It is either refrigerated as a fluid or packed and put away in room temperature. As a rule in little clinics this gas is put away in two split banks of H-chambers or high-pressure cylinders(Morgan). The most normally utilized gas for sedative reasons for existing is nitrous oxide which is made through warm decay or warming of the ammonium nitrate. Huge H-chambers that is associated with a programmed hybrid component through a complex is the standard stockpiling place for nitrous oxide. No intricate arrangement of refrigeration is plausible in keeping this gas condensed in light of the fact that its basic temperature is 36. 5Â °C that is above room temperature(Morgan). Patients are not managed with nitrogen however this gas is a need in medical clinics since it is used as force wellspring of working room types of gear like bores and saws. H-chambers with complex fill in as common stockpiling container for this gas(Morgan). Air is generally utilized in anesthesiology systems to forestall the event of risks because of nitrous oxide and high oxygen focuses. Oxygen is blended in with nitrogen to create a clinical evaluation chamber air. The shading codes utilized in USA for clinical gas chambers are as per the following: green for oxygen; yellow for air; dark for nitrogen; and blue for nitrous oxide(Morgan). The essential type of a sedation machine gets clinical gases from the gas gracefully, diminish the strain to control the progression of the required gases, for security it can disintegrate into the last gas mix the unpredictable sedatives, and through breathing circuits that is connected to the patients aviation route gases are delivered(Morgan). Weight checks direct the consistent progression of rotating flexibly pressure. The sedation machine is outfitted with this controllers in chamber and pipeline supplies to diminish the chamber strain to 45 for each square inch measure (psig) consistent and when the pipeline flexibly of gas outperforms 45 psig it shuts off the gracefully in the chamber. The most up to date sort of plumbing framework is a unified channeled clinical gas framework that legitimately acquaints the gases with the patients that needs the gases. This sort of framework supplies the patients with the required gases in a more protected manner than those pressurized chambers that are cumbersome and risky. Guideline of the gases is simpler because of concentrated siphons, chamber complex frameworks or blowers. The National Fire Protection Association carefully actualizes that they will be the one to plan and introduce this system(Lyczko ). Gas chambers have guidelines that are figured, made, and executed by government organizations like Compressed Gas Association, Department of Transportation, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the National Fire Protection Association. The chamber has the accompanying parts: chamber valve, security help gadget, holder burden, and check valve(Dosch ). The utilization of gas chambers is generally sheltered however it has the chance of being a reason for a genuine mishap if not took care of and utilized properly(Bojanowski ). Processing the gas substance of a chamber is of importance in deciding the length of the gracefully of the gas to the patient explicitly during transportation of patients. The most widely recognized H chamber for oxygen contains 244 cubic feet while the E chamber for the most part contains 22 cubic feet. A tank factor is a remarkable steady consider utilized the calculation of gas content in the chambers. The tank factor for E chamber is 0. 28 liters for every psi and for H chamber 3. 14 liters for each psi. The gas content is processed by increasing the steady tank factor to the weight which is demonstrated in the measure. Given the pace of the progression of the gas, figuring for the length in which the gas in the chamber will last can be processed. One must remember however that after the figured time has slipped by the chamber will be absolutely vacant in this way an additional ga chamber with substance ought to be prepared(White ). There is an imminent to make unsafe workplace because of packed and condensed gases therefore rules on safe treatment of chambers must be followed. Appropriate gas chamber stockpiling is required to forestall on toward mishaps. Gas chambers ought to be: put away in regions with sufficient ventilation; dodge stockpiling in passage and leave courses, soggy regions, close to destructive synthetic substances or salts or exhaust, territories presented to climates, and warmth; put away in upstanding position; made sure about with top when not utilized; belted suitably over the midpoint or made sure about with divider sections and stands; at any rate 20 feet from combustible regions or things; put away as indicated by kind of danger class; chambers without substance ought to be isolated from void ones; and put away not over one year without utilizing. Just people with appropriate preparing will deal with compacted and condensed gases(Safety). Security gadgets are accessible for additional counteraction of any spillage or mishaps to occur. Among these gadgets are the fixing type washers and the smash type gaskets. In any case, these gadgets have types that are not reusable that normally is the reason for chamber blasts. It is therefore prudent to utilize just fixing washers that are metal-bound elastomeric and abstain from reusing the utilization of smash type gaskets to forestall accidents(FDA ). Other wellbeing gadgets are the DISS and the PIS. DISS or distance across recorded wellbeing framework or snappy associate fittings are expected for pressures equivalent to or lower than 200 psi. This framework stays away from the exchanging of hardware that is planned for various gases or blend of gases(White ). The Pin Indexed Safety System or PISS is associations proposed for provisions of gas that has a gas bay outfitted with a male PISS supplement. This wellbeing gadget is made to stay away from spillage through gas gulfs that will change the mix of gas conveyed to the patient that causes hypoxia. Bodok seals or a metal with elastic ring seals in the chamber square guarantees that the connection to PIS is tight enough(Pinnock). The chambers ought to be taken care of with alert and care to keep away from mishaps that are possibly intense. The transportation of these chambers requires three wheeled streetcars that can bolster the various sizes of chambers being moved. Suspected chambers with holes ought to be kept from being moved with the utilization of a vehicle. Spilling tanks or chambers with oxygen ought to be shielded from being lifted. To check for any holes brush the territory with1% TeepolHB7 or other suitable answers for identifying spills and the nearness of air pockets will showed the presence of breaks. People that transport chambers should wear fitting clothing standard and have defensive attire to forestall harm to self during mishaps. Clinical gases are substances that have an extraordinary hazard for any mishaps include along these lines people liable for assembling, transport, deal, handle, and utilize this must keep rules and guidelines. Life and properties are in question in mishaps that occur because of carelessness in doing undertakings identified with clinical gases accordingly it is handy to follow guidelines carefully. Works Cited Bojanowski , Leszek. Gas Cylinder Safety. 2001. Dosch , Michael P. . The Anesthesia Gas Machine. November 11 2007. http://www. udmercy. edu/crna/agm/03. htm. FDA , U. S. Food and Drug Administration. Fda and Niosh Public Health Notification: Oxygen Regulator Fires Resulting from Incorrect Use of Cga 870 Seals. 2006. November 11 2007. http://www. fda. gov/cdrh/wellbeing/042406-o2fires. html. Lyczko , Edward J. The Human Factors of Medical Gas Systems. PM Engineer 6. 9 (2000): 34-44. Morgan, G. Edward ; Mikhail, Maged S. ; Murray, Michael J. Clinical Anesthesiology. Pinnock, Colin A. ; Lin, Ted ; Smith, Tim, ed. Basics of Anesthesia. Wellbeing, Iowa State University Environmental Health . Gas Cylinder Safety Guidelines. 1997. http://www. ehs. iastate. edu/distributions/manuals/gascylinder. pdf. White , Gary C. Fundamental Clinical Lab Competencies for Respiratory Care: An Integrated Approach.

Business marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9250 words

Business promoting - Essay Example Research is a movement that is planned to show up at an answer for an inquiry or set of inquiries. (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2005). Along these lines, inquire about should be executed in a precise manner with appropriate arranging. Saunders et al. (2007) see inquire about as an onion with various layers (figure 3.1). Figure 3.1: The Research ‘Onion’ Source: Saunders et al., (2007) according to the examination onion, the five layers of research will be Research reasoning, inquire about methodology, investigate procedure, time skyline and information assortment (Saunders et al., 2007). 3.2 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY Research theory alludes to the strategy and systems utilized by the scientist dependent on the researcher’s singular suppositions. Saunders et al. (2007) states that an examination reasoning is identified with the nature and improvement of the information. Accordingly, an exploration reasoning is generally founded on the researcher’s observation about inform ation and its turn of events. An examination procedure is affected by three significant thinking’s of research theory which are axiology, philosophy and epistemology. Axiology is the edge reference for logical morals (Edwards, 1995). As referenced, axiology shapes the investigation of the moral part, that is, worth and standards by utilizing scientific evidence. Philosophy is about the conduct of social elements. Cosmology is respected with the idea of social substances, where it has the inquiry whether social elements can and ought to be considered as target elements that have a reality outside to the social entertainers, or whether they can and ought to be viewed as social developments develop from the recognitions and activities of social on-screen characters (Bryman and Bell, 2007). The two principle hypotheses of philosophy are objectivism and contructionism. The third reasoning Epistemology clarifies about information. It brings up the issue with respect to what ought t o be considered as the ideal information in an order. (Bryman and Bell, 2007). Epistemology guarantees whether a region of study merits the exploration. (Gill and Johnson, 2010). The three research divisions of Epistemology are positivism, authenticity and interpretivism. 3.2.1 Positivism could be considered as an epistemological position that bolsters the use of the strategies to learning of a social reality and past (Bryman and Bell, 2007). Checkland (1999) clarifies that positivism is a technique for getting information which can be tried freely with a discerning intuition bolstered by perception and experimentation apparatuses. In an exploration with positivism, the scientist will receive a philosophical methodology for showing up at an answer. Saunders et al. (2007) Therefore, a discerning and astute experimentation is the essential focal point of positivism. According to Kolb (1984), an analyst is an accommodator. This depends on the idea of ‘Learning Style Assessment.â €™ Such analyst falls under the class of positivists. (Figure 3.2). This shows the mentality and interests of the specialists in having a go at tackling issues. Positivism weights on information and perceptions that are quantifiable and that can be factually investigated. (Remenyi et al., 1998). Through apparatuses, for example, polls, information will be gathered and measurable instruments will be utilized to break down the equivalent. Investigation will likewise be founded on the circumstances. The specialist will incline toward working with an obvious social sureness and that the end

Cash Transfer Programmes - 550 Words

Cash Transfer Programmes (Essay Sample) Content: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT By Name Tutor Institution Date Cash Transfer Programmes From the theory of economic welfare, efficiency allocation and distribution of economic resources is healthy for a growing economy (EMEs). Efficiency distribution of resources, in EMEs, is achieved through the use of cash transfer programmes together with redistributive tax policies. For instance, redistributive tax polices reduce the income (poverty) gap in a country by imposing more tax on high income earners as compared to low income earners. Barrientos (2004) argue that cash transfer programmes more of these programmes, are directed to those areas where poverty is dominant. Though cash transfer programs have effects, the may trigger behavioral characteristics among individuals, which may be positive or negative. The first behavioral characteristic is attributed to consumer spending. Behavioral and economic analysts argue that cash transfer programmes re central in promoting effective (rational) consumption expenditure among households. Pingali (2004) argue that these programmes makes people to know how best to spend their money. With cash transfer programmes, individuals will maintain their consumption behavior patterns over a long period, if the cash inflow is certain. Uninterrupted individual spending is healthy in desirable economic decisions. Also, these programmes will helpful in minimizing anti-social behavior (especially in girls and women) associated with poverty such an early marriages and prostitution (Guardian News and Media Limited 2012). This will help to uplift the social status of women in a society. If not property instituted, cash transfer programmes may promote reckless consumption behavior, and waste of economic resources. For men, cash transfer programmes may form a loophole for anti-social spending behaviors (drug and substance abuse) due to existence of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"excess and free' money. You can relate these programmes to free money given to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"youths', by politicians, during political campaigns. How do they spend this money? Obviously irresponsibly! The above analysis postulates that cash transfer programmes have varying effects on individuals' behavior. However, emphasis should be placed on how the whole process will occur. This calls for a high degree of supervision, during the structuring and implementation of these programmes. Import Substitution be an Integral Component of a developing country's growth strategy Import substitution is a government strategy with is aimed restricting industrial imports to promote production and consumption of goods and services. The strategy is mostly applied in emerging economies through the use of high tariffs, and quotas. A tariff takes the form of taxes imposed on imports and exports. Quotas take the form of restrictions on quantities produced and sold (Rittenberg et.al 2008, p.434). Economists argue that import substitution can be used to trigger economic development, especially in developing countries. However, the strategy may have some implications, which are economically undesirable. To analyze this concept, let us focus on the "two sides of the coinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ; arguments for and against. The main argument for import substitution is that it can facilitate economic development by protecting local infant industries from unfair competition. The basis of this argument relies on the fact that exports are often cheap than locally produced goods. It is assumed that foreign firms (in advanced economies) produced at low costs (due to economies of scale), which makes the charge low lower prices than those of domestic firms. Ideally, imports create unfair competition in the local market (Alm et.al 2002, p. 300). If imports are allowed to freely penetrate in domestic markets, individual consumers will swift to imports. The prices and sales of domestic products will deteriorate, which may cause domestic firms to collapse. In summary, import substitution promotes domestic employment, innovation, self-reliance, and BOP surplus in developing economies. Lack of competition , due to import substitution polic...

Chinua Achebes Portrayal of Pre-Colonial Africa - Literature Essay Samples

The concept of balance in Achebes novel, Things Fall Apart, is an important theme throughout the book. Achebe introduces this idea with an excerpt from William Butler Yeatss poem, The Second Coming. The notion of balance is stressed here as important, because if balance does not exist, order is lost. This novel is a complex portrait of African tribal society prior to European colonization. By employing masterful techniques of description, linguistic comparison and strong proverbial context, a chance is given to the reader to realize the rich traditions and customs that generated stability in that society. There are many structures of balance that the Ibo culture seems to depend upon. All of which contribute to the demise of the main character, Okonkwo, the Ibo religion, and ultimately, the Ibos autonomy. This unraveling of affairs is spearheaded by a tremendous imbalance between notably masculine and feminine concepts. These yin and yang aspects, so to speak, might well be described as the external, physical strength of the male, opposed by the internal, passive strength of the female. Achebe formulates a brilliant dichotomy here. It will be the purpose of this essay to investigate these forces and to clarify Achebes statement of the Western viewpoint of African culture, history and language.Okonkwo, often compared and contrasted to many Western heroes, was born the son of Unoka. Unoka was known to be indolent and unsuitably idle. He preferred to stay at home playing his flute, drinking, and socializing, rather than toiling to cultivate and maintain the crops needed to support his family. Because of this, his father never had enough money, and his family went hungry. He carried a high level of debt in order to maintain this lifestyle. If any money came his way . . . he immediately bought gourds of palm wine, called round his neighbors and made merry (Achebe 4). Okonkwo perceived this as an imbalance toward the female, or passive, side of his fathers character. Remaining home and not using ones strength to provide for the family is characteristic of how women behave. He works hard to rebuke Unokos errant ways. Thus, Okonkwo rejects his father, and consequently, the feminine side of himself. He becomes a star wrestler and warrior in his tribe to provide for his family at a very young age. At the same time, he starts a new farm and begins to accumulate his own wealth, and eventually a title. His hard work proves itself in his success, and he soon becomes prominent and respected in his tribe. Having attained wealth, many wives and children, he feels that he has dominated over is fathers feminine follies. His big ambition is to become one of the powerful elders of the tribe. Okonkwo feels stable and secure in his pursuit of masculinity in its extremes.However, it soon becomes apparent that not everything is ideal. His son, Nwoye, is not quite living up to the expectations of becoming a man. Nwoye . . . was already causing his father great an xiety for his incipient laziness (Achebe 12). He favors his mother, preferring to listen to the womens stories, and is somewhat adverse to his fathers tales of battle and victory2E Nwoye has many qualms about the practices of the tribe, thus making him very susceptible when missionaries come to Umuofia. Nwoye is attracted to the Christian religion of the white man because of its unqualified acceptance of everyone. This recognition seems to Nwoye to be as unconditional as a mothers love for her child.Nwoyes conversion devastates Okonkwo. Although he has been harsh with his son, he still believes in Nwoyes potential to become a great clansman. Nwoyes rejection of Ibo values, however, strikes the dire blow to Okonkwos hopes for him. In addition, Nwoyes actions undermine Okonkwos own status and prestige, already damaged by his exile. It is, as Okonkwo thinks at the end of Chapter Seventeen, as though all of his hard work to distance himself from the legacy of his father is destroyed. Of this, Okonkwo reflects, Living fire begets cold impotent ash (Achebe 153), where fire is the powerful, destructive, male force, and ashes the inert, weak, female force.Okonkwo sets to return to Umuofia proud and confident despite the tragedy of his sons grave transgression. He dreams of regaining his status, [seeing] clearly the high esteem in which he [will] be held, and he even [sees] himself taking the highest title in the land (Achebe 172). When he does return home, he finds that the church has changed things so much, that few take any interest at all. He has hoped that his daughters marriages would help to bring him some reflected glory but, again, this does not garner Umuofias attention.The opportunity to be a warrior once again soon presents itself to Okonkwo. This is his last chance to recapture some of his lost glory. His motivations for wanting revenge, including his humiliation in jail, are deeply personal. Having been imprisoned for properly delivering tribal justice, O konkwo prepares to act alone after being released. He dons the customary war dress, remembering his former magnificence in battle. The events of the past couple of days have brought leaders from all of the clans nine tribes to a meeting the morning after Okonkwo and the other egwuwu are released. He strikes out at one of the court messengers sent to break up the meeting, and kills him with a swift blow of his machete. Okonkwos fate is sealed, as the tribe does not respond in favor of his action. He wipes his machete clean and leaves to take his own life.Unokas words ring true in this discourse. A proud heart can survive a general failure because such a failure does not prick its pride. It is more difficult and more bitter when a man fails alone (Achebe 24-25). In fact, this serves as a fatalistic prediction of all the losses that Okonkwo experiences despite his constant efforts to distance himself from the model of indolence and irresponsibility that his father gave him. He values his personal success and status over the survival of the community and, having risen to the top of the clans economic and political hap alone, he fails alone2E Okonkwos lack of concern for the fate of his community is manifested when, before the clan-wide meeting, he doesnt bother to exchange greeting with anyone. He is ultimately only concerned about his own fate. Despite his life of hard work and the wealth and prestige, he dies alone in disgrace, as had his father. The ignominy is even carried through after his death, as the action of his suicide is deemed an offense against the Earth (Achebe 207). Therefore, he is denied a proper burial and decency even in death. Thus is how things fall apart for Okonkwo.The Ibo religion falls in much the same way. This religion is centered about the worship of male gods and ancestors. The female god among these may be the Earth goddess, but Okonkwo offends this goddess three times in the story to save his masculine image. He does this when he b eats his wife during the week of peace, when he strikes down his adopted son, and again when he inadvertently kills Ezeudus son. The irony of his crimes is that they are committed in effort to assert his masculinity. The latter being the gravest. Killing a fellow clansman was a crime of two kinds, male and female (Achebe 124). Okonkwo committed the female, which meant it was unintentional2E This misfortune leads to his exile and eventual downfall. The gods functions are mainly to help in war, and to aid the yearly yam harvest, which is considered a mans crop. The highest members in the religious organization, the egwuwu, are the most respected men in the society; during ceremonies, they get into costumes and play the role of the previously mentioned ancestors. Women do not participate in these customary ceremonies. The primary influence women have in this religion is in the role of the oracle, a woman, who embodies a male god. It is the women, also, who practice witchcraft, which is greatly feared in the tribes, but it should be noted that even this is a passive force with only intangible connections to any physical effects. In the novel, Chielo serves this function well and even garners the respect of the tribe that elevates her above the feminine station allotted to woman.With the introduction of the Christian religion, which preaches universal acceptance, many members of the clan who are dissatisfied with the Ibo religion are drawn toward it. Some of the title-less men, or efulefu, who are described as women in the tribe, soon become the most zealous of converts. Nwoye dislikes the practice of exposing supposedly evil twin babies in the woods, and feels that the senseless killing of Ikemefuna was wrong. This discontent with Ibo tradition immediately draws him to the new religion because it preaches that killing the innocent is wrong. This acceptance of all embodies what a leader of the people of Okonkwos motherland said about the nature of the mother. Uchen du says to Okonkwo, When there is sorrow and bitterness [a man] finds refuge in his motherland. Your mother is there to protect you (134). These ideas filled a gap for many tribesmen that the Ibo religion could not fill, since it was so unbalanced toward the male. The Ibo religion thereafter grew less powerful.The missionaries also on several accounts test the taboos of the Ibo religion. Among these digressions are the killing of the sacred python, the efulefu cutting their hair, and the building of the church in the Evil Forest. These direct challenges of traditional belief are dually resounding and only serve to contribute further to the downfall of the Ibos sacred traditions. Eventually the tribesmen attempt to reverse this by killing and burning down the church, but the white man has taken hold. The attempt ends in failure, the hero dies shamefully and most of the tribe is converted. In effect, Achebe uses religion to demonstrate how things fall apart.In general, the way of life that the Ibo have enjoyed over many generations disintegrates from the influence of the European missionaries. Some of the wise elders say that Umuofia is getting weaker because the tribes have failed to intermix the way they once had, and instead are in constant competition with each other. Uchendu suggests this to Obierika when he visits Okonkwo during his exile by saying, Those were the good days when a man had friends in distant clans. You generation does not know that. You stay at home, afraid of your next-door neighbor (Achebe 137). Few of the tribal people understand the importance of the saying mother is supreme, and therefore lose connection with their motherland. Okonkwo encourages his son to lose his connection with his own mother in favor of the connection with his father and thus his masculine side. In addition, when Okonkwos daughter comes of the age to marry, Okonkwo feels it best not to deny the many suitors from his motherland, in order to have her marry someone in his fatherland. He does this in order to gain a better position there. Even within Umuofia, the tribes were so unfamiliar with each other, that they find some customs to be quite strange and foreign.All these things serve to drive the tribes of Umuofia apart, creating an extreme imbalance between masculine and feminine forces. This sets them against each other, so that when a foreign influence is introduced, they are not able to come together and help each other. When the first missionary comes to Umuofia, he was killed because of the male ideas to dispatch unknown, foreign evils. The white man retaliates quickly by sending out soldiers and guns to annihilate the offending tribe. This serves as an example how male power could so easily fail when imbalanced. Soon, more missionaries come, but the Ibo allow them to stay because of what had happened before. The missionaries appeal for land to build a church on. In an attempt discourage the missionaries, the tribe allows its constructi on in the Evil Forest. Their beliefs assure them of the white mans eventual failure, but this is only serves the missionaries purpose of discrediting their religion when they ultimately survive.Perhaps this feminine, or unknown, attribute of the evil woods allows the church to stand unaffected and even flourish despite the evils surrounding it. Here the author uses dialectic images to symbolize the descriptions of day and night. It might be apparent that the night belongs to the female, and the day belongs to the male. It is during the day that the males do their deeds. At night, they return home to the comfort of their wives cooking and the comfort of their beds. It is also at night that the Oracle was most active, as was the witch. The men feared the night and all of the unknown things that dwelt there. However, during the night, the Oracle and the witch fearlessly walked the woods and practiced their magic. It might also be argued that the woods are also part of the night, for th is is where the unknown evils lurk that might place indescribable hexes upon any intruders. Twin babies, committers of evil deeds, and the evil ogbanja spirits that haunted mothers were all thrown into the evil woods. The fear of the unknown and the practice of committing it as feminine create more imbalances on which the fate of the Ibo ultimately hinges.The white mans introduction of their form of government is also displayed as evil in itself. The author seems to point this out, since the government imposed its own laws and ways upon the people without knowing anything about their own. This government had the power to enforce these laws with sheer physical power. Perhaps Achebe is also criticizing this disbalance of the masculine and feminine, but, in any case, the tribes own physical power proves ineffectual against it, and in the end, they submit to these foreign influences, becoming subjects of the British Empire instead. By the time things begin to fall apart, it becomes clea r that what the colonialists have unraveled is the complex Ibo culture, from one individual to the community as a whole.The author definitely suggests that there is a balance to all systems, and that when that balance is lost, the system is reduced to chaos. This imbalance can be traced down to an inequity between masculine and feminine forces2E It must be considered as something analogous, on a similar didactic scale, and something to do with order versus entropy. In the quotation of Yeatss poem, this comes into play when the falconer loses control of the falcon as it spirals up into the skies. It is difficult to say what the outcome might have been if these forces had been more in harmony. It could be questioned what would have happened if Okonkwo had not offended the earth goddess and gained a position as a leader of the clan. In addition, it might be asked what would have occurred if his ambition had not pushed him in this perilous direction in the first place. Other questions a rise regarding whether the Ibo religion could satisfy its constituents enough so that foreign influence did not become a threat; or whether as a whole, united completely, the Ibo could have stood up against the external influence and military power of the Europeans. Achebe does not seem to offer responses to these issues. He also does not infer that things would have been different if the Ibo could have been resistant to the ideas introduced by the foreigners. The author merely laments the death of this culture in spite of its weaknesses, and strives to counter the negative and stereotypical view of traditional African culture.Things Fall Apart is presented in English from the viewpoint of the Ibo culture. It deals with how individual characters as well as the society as a whole deals with change. Achebe creates a masterpiece that presents the significance of balance. He argues that when this balance is lost, chaos ensues, and indeed, things fall apart.

Class and Gender in Wuthering Heights Essays - 704 Words

Conflict as a result of class and gender division is a common theme seen throughout Emily Bront#235;s novel Wuthering Heights. Social contrasts and gender boundaries create oppression and tension amongst the characters, affecting their composure and behaviour throughout the novel. The most obvious distinction between upper and lower classes is with the two settings; Thrushcross Grange and Wuthering Heights. Both places differ significantly in both disposition and appearance. The society in Wuthering Heights is that of the working class. Wuthering Heights is a worn out farm that represents difficulty; ruthlessness, and hard work. Life at Wuthering Heights is more domestic yet spiteful revenge and personal struggles envelop the†¦show more content†¦Heathcliffs social position is solidified by the treatment he receives from almost everyone at Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff has little nobility as a child and even after he becomes a wealthy gentleman later in his life his past is still a label that follows him. Throughout the novel characters leave Wuthering Heights however something causes them to return. This is seen with Heathcliff when he moves away and returns with money, it is also seen with Catherines moving to Thrushcross Grange. No matter how hard these characters try to alter their past lives, there is a part of Wuthering Heights they cannot escape from. There are displays of revenge caused by the separations between social standings. Heathcliff shows that he is a vengeful person when he is resented by Hindley for taking Mr Earnshaws affection. Heathcliff confirms his social subordination by obeying Hindleys orders and becoming his servant after the death of Mr.Earnshaw. Heathcliff privately expresses his merciless side to Catherine by saying, Im trying to settle how I shall pay Hindley back...I hope he will not die before I do (Bront#235; 153). In Wuthering Heights, a persons social standing is more important to their life than their own happiness is. This is shown through Catherine when she chooses to marry Edgar instead of Heathcliff, Edgar is from Thrushcross Grange; he has money, he has status himself and will thus enhance Catherines social standing.Show MoreRelatedFeminism And The Social, Economic, And Political Equality Of The Sexes1619 Words   |  7 PagesWuthering Heights: Feminism Feminism, or â€Å"The belief in the social, economic, and political equality of the sexes.† (Elinor Burkett, Laura Brunell paragraph 1) was a very popular topic in Victorian fiction, and still is to this day with the first signs of feminist logic appearing in 3rd century BCE for the attempted appeal of women’s use of expensive goods, and continuing on to the present day third wave of feminism. Throughout history, women have been seen as objects and toys to men, in which willRead MoreEmily Bronte and D.H Lawrences Exploration of Social Class1288 Words   |  6 PagesSocial class plays a very significant part in my core text, ‘Wuthering Heights’ and also my partner text , ‘Sons and Lovers’ because it helps the reader determine a sense of character and plays a massive part in the reader finding the true depth of a character. Social class in both novels is determined by location and the origin of the characters, as in ‘Wuthering Heightsâ₠¬â„¢ we see that Heathcliff is considered as abnormal and known as having a lower social class because of the uncertainty of his originRead MoreThe Power of Women1242 Words   |  5 Pagesof power between the two sexes, male and female. In the two books Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte and in The Poisonwood Bible by Barbara Kingsolver, the power and voice of the women become inferior to the one of the men. The women in both books are able to overpower the men with their own voice, women not only carry the will to do so but are prominent to be as equal as men and not be the bare bottom in the classification of genders. Many men may disagree with the fact that women are yet to be treatedRead MoreThe Importance Of Society And Class In Wuthering Heights1613 Words   |  7 PagesEmily Brontà « uses her novel Wuthering Heights to showcase how the constraints of one’s class, while only enforced by will, can take control over one’s autonomy and desires. Brontà « accomplis hes this in her depiction of the characters Catherine Earnshaw Linton and Heathcliff. Catherine begins the novel as a tomboyish girl, with no intentions of becoming a â€Å"lady† as defined by the society of her time. She only begins to want to conform to feminine roles when she is introduced to the expectations ofRead MoreFeminism And The Social, Economic, And Political Equality Of The Sexes1616 Words   |  7 Pagesof women’s use of expensive goods, and continuing on to the present day third wave of feminism. Throughout history, women have been seen as objects and toys to men, in which will never have equal rights nor opportunities that men receive for their gender, living their lives in â€Å"utter boredom and lack of fulfillment.† (Elinor Burkett, Laura Brunell Prologue To a Social Movement) â€Å"Throughout most of Western history, women were confined to the domestic sphere, while public life was reserved for men.†Read MoreWuthering Heights A New Go thic875 Words   |  4 PagesWuthering Heights A New Gothic Wuthering Heights is considered one of the greatest Gothic novels written by Emily Bronte, the only novel published under the name Ellis Bell. It is a tragic love story that presents the consuming passion between Heathcliff and Catherine. These two characters live under the pressures of social class and gender inequality. One of the classic features of Gothic literature is the supernatural. Bronte succeeds in combing the Gothic elements with romantic themes andRead MoreEmily Brontes Wuthering Heights: Mental Illness and Feminism915 Words   |  4 Pages Psychoanalytical View of Wuthering Heights Mental illness was viewed as being a self-inflicted disease during the time period Wuthering Heights was written in (Bloomfield 298). Many of the characters suffer from a form of mental illness, but not all of them can be seen as self-inflicted. Most of the illnesses are inflicted by the death of other characters. After Hindley’s wife dies in his arms, he becomes an alcoholic and foreshadows his own death due to his destructive behavior (Bloomfield 291)Read MoreAnalysis Of Wuthering Heights 1398 Words   |  6 PagesWuthering Heights is a fictional novel written by Emily Bronte. This book is very sexist with the females frequently being immature, overly dramatic and childish. The betrayal in this book come when Heathcliff feels that Catherine betrayed herself by not pursuing his love. Hindle also showed jealousy towards heathcliff. In the play Macbeth written by William Shakespeare, Lady Macbeth is the most famous woman character. She is stronger, more ambitious and ruthle ss than her husband. Lady Macbeth pushedRead MorePride and Prejudice by Jane Austin Vs. Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte902 Words   |  4 PagesPrejudice by Jane Austin, can be seen as a different role model when compared to Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte. 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Analysis Of The Poem Blood Red Sunset - 1547 Words

Blood Red Sunset is a record of Ma Bo s life and which stunned people all through China when it was distributed and was even prohibited by the Communist Government for a set time. This story paints a picture for what the Chinese Cultural Revolution truly was. Chinese living today can bear witness to if this was the life that they had at this time to persevere amid the Cultural Revolution comparable if not indistinguishable experiences as told in Ma Bo s story. The drudges of being a youthful Red Guard in inward China were experienced by many if not millions. The revulsions and atrocities were across the board all through the nation, not simply in Inner Mongolia. The encounters outlined in Blood Red Sunset have to deal with Ma Bo s whole†¦show more content†¦Ma Bo s personal history gives a genuine story of what truly happened. As Ma Bo s story tells this bad dream was genuine. His understanding into this Inner China social clash is only an essence of the truth at the time, h owever even this little yet point by point taste is very severe. At an opportune time as a hopeful, youthful, and gullible student Ma Bo set out on an epic trip to answer the call of China s Great Leader, Mao Zedong. Indeed, even before this adventure he had a background marked by jumping at such calls with incredible excitement. This extremely enthusiastic student while in middle school even reacted once by assaulting his own mom to answer Mao s call for ideology. He denounced her in public many times and even put up propaganda posters denouncing her, as well as taking part in searches of his own house. Then when Mao Zedong called for China’s youth to gain revolutionary experience in the new Cultural Revolution by going up to the mountains and down to the countryside making revolution. With that the youthful Red Guard intensely addressed the call by joining the Production and Construction Military Corps, which was a branch of the Chinese military. Starting there he and his companions set out to Inner Mongolia to look for bliss from diligen t work and increasing progressive experience from that. They did this by the reclaiming of countless sections of land and meadow. ThroughShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of a Young Mans Thoughts Before June 16th - Fhazel Johennesse1555 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of ‘A Young Man’s Thoughts before June the 16th’ – Fhazel Johennesse The historical background to the poem is June 16th 1976. This date marks the Soweto Uprising which was initiated in Soweto by black high school students. The students were protesting against being taught in Afrikaans in their local schools. The demonstration was meant to be peaceful and was secretly planned to avoid discovery by the police. On the morning of June the 16th, thousands of youths gathered with the plan toRead MoreAnalyzing Mr. Keating’s Teaching Concept in Dead Poets Society from Progressivism4764 Words   |  20 Pagesthe document literature, there are not many domestic scholars study on education through Dead Poets Society. The articles one-sidedly analyze the teaching methods, teaching concept or teacher-student relationship of this film, which still help the analysis of several aspects in this thesis. For example The Teaching Paradigm Thinking Triggered by ‘Dead Poets Society’ written by Long Qixiang, it has explained the changes in teaching purp ose in this film; and Discussion on Mr. Keating’ Teaching ConceptRead MoreConfucianism in Journey to the West31834 Words   |  128 PagesUniversity of Leiden 14 June 2012 Department: Language and Culture of China Course: Visual Political Communication (BA3) Semester: Summer Semester 2011/2012 Lecturer: Florian Schneider Journey to the West A Textual-Visual Discourse Analysis Name: Stefan Ruijsch (Student No. 0620203) Major: Chinese Studies, BA 3 E-mail: s.ruijsch@umail.leidenuniv.nl Phone: 06-48369645 Address: Vrijheidslaan 256, 2321 DP Leiden Word Count: 9,387 Table of Contents pageRead MorePopulation Problem in Bangladesh14871 Words   |  60 PagesThe Bangladeshi English Essay Book An Analysis by Robin Upton, January 22nd 2006 Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0 Jan 2006 - Robin Upton - http:// www.RobinUpton.com/research Contents Purpose........................................................................................................... 1 Introduction to Essay Books .......................................................................... 1 Impact of Essay Books ................Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesof systematic study. Identify the major behavioral science disciplines that contribute to OB. Demonstrate why few absolutes apply to OB. Identify the challenges and opportunities managers have in applying OB concepts. Compare the three levels of analysis in this book’s OB model. MyManagementLab Access a host of interactive learning aids to help strengthen your understanding of the chapter concepts at www.mymanagementlab.com cott Nicholson sits alone in his parents’ house in suburban Boston

Essay about Criminological Theories - 1544 Words

There are many different aspects of criminal justice policy. One in particular is the different theories of crime and how they affect the criminal justice system. The Classical School of criminology is a theory about evolving from a capital punishment type of view to more humane ways of punishing people. Positivist criminology is maintaining the control of human behavior and criminal behavior. They did this through three different categories of Biological studies, which are five methodologies of crime that were mainly focused on biological theories, Psychological theories, which contains four separate theories, and the Sociological theories, which also includes four different methods of explaining why crime exists. The last theory is†¦show more content†¦Prisons for example, are a dominant sense of making the country feel safer because the criminals are being locked up. Also, the death penalty can be a form of deterrence towards other criminals because they are able to see what is happening to other criminals that commit the same types of crimes. Whether or not this does deter criminals from committing crimes is another story. The Positivist School of criminology began in the late 19th century and is still a part of society today. The Positivist School suggests that in order to control crime, you have to use scientific methods to look for the causes of crime. Some important developments the theory included were controlling human behavior, controlling criminal behavior, industrial revolutions, the emergence of modern science, and finally Darwins theory of evolution. Many assumptions had been made, but a few in particular stood out to be the most important. Theorists said that human nature is determined before you are even born. Also that it is differentiated which means that criminals are different from non-criminals. The five methodologies are based on biological characteristics that may cause the criminals to commit the crimes they based on certain characteristics. The first method is physiognomy. This judges character by facial features as well as physical features. It can be traced back to Anci ent Greece and Rome. The second isShow MoreRelatedDetermining the Cause of Bullying by Using Three Main Criminological Theories906 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual factors that affect bullying. The current study that will be discussed attempts to determine the cause of bullying by using three main criminological theories, which are general theory of crime, differential association theory, and general strain theory. Concentration will be placed on the conclusive data found from the use of general strain theory. Moon, Hwang, and McCluskey (2011) conducted a longitudinal study that consisted of analyzing data from two waves of questionnaires given outRead MorePersonal Criminological Theory890 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Criminological theory To prevent crime, it is imperative that the law enforcement agencies and scholars examine why people commit crime. A number of theories have emerged and many still continue to be explored in exclusion and in combination to seek the best solutions that can ultimately reduce the types and the levels of crime. One such theory that is still being explored is social disorganization theory. According to this theory peoples tendency to take part in criminal activitiesRead MoreIntegrated Criminological Theories2451 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Criminological theories have come a long way from their origins; in ancient times it was believed that crimes were committed by people who were possessed by the devil, or women who practiced the dark art of witchcraft (Lilly, Cullen, Ball, 2011, pg 18). As the theories progressed into modern times, the theorist behind these criminological theories had only focused on one single cause behind criminality. Thanks to the work done by member of the Chicago School many of the new theories were ableRead MoreApplying Criminological Theory to Solve the Murder of Tigger Essay748 Words   |  3 PagesApplying criminological theory to a suspect’s anecdotal evidence can help to distinguish which suspect could be the possible offender. In this certain case, poor Tigger has been murdered and there are 3 possible suspects. 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Sellers Copyright  © 2004 Roxbury Publishing Company, Los Angeles, CaliforniaRead MorePersonal Criminological Theory Paper1142 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Criminological Theory Paper Criminological Theory 3 February 2012 Personal Criminological Theory Paper Introduction Through out the years Criminologists has conducted a great amount of research and through that research Criminologist has developed different theories in order to better understand and explain criminal behavior. Theories try to help make sense out of many observations that are conducted presenting the facts of the principal that connects and explains the theories. If goodRead MoreThe Contribution Of Criminological Theory2187 Words   |  9 Pages With reference to two or more of the theories covered in this module, critically assess the contribution that criminological theory could make to our understanding of an issue of crime, justice or punishment. The way in which a society criminalises a persons actions has been, and still is, and heavily debated topic. From pre-enlightenment; where by crimes were seen as action against the natural order, to a more modern stance that the notion of crime in itself is socially constructed. CrimeRead MoreCriminological Theory and Burglary1796 Words   |  8 Pagesthe St. Louis area and gaining inside knowledge of these criminals’ daily lives and their crimes. This paper will address anomie and bond theories and how it relates to the offenders in this study and the socialization of these subjects into criminality and the street culture in which they live. Conventional Goals? According to Robert Merton’s anomie theory, people are not born criminals; they conform to the environment in which they live. Conventional means of reaching a goal are often moreRead MoreCriminological Theories Of Juvenile Violence845 Words   |  4 Pagesand other outside factors. 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These three theories focus on â€Å"the importance of factors in early life† (Williams McShane 2014 Page 204). I believe the theories that are reviewed in this chapter

The Spill Of The Oil Spill - 876 Words

On April 20th, 2010, an enormous explosion took place on the Deepwater Horizon Rig located fifty miles off the coast of Louisiana. This explosion triggered a chain of events that resulted in the death of eleven workers and more than 184 million gallons of crude oil being spilled into the ocean water (â€Å"100 Days,† n.d.). This oil contaminated the habitats of hundreds of species to a nearly unrecoverable extent. If any members of the native wildlife were not killed, they would be found completely coated in oil and in desperate need of care to save their lives. This incident is known as the BP oil spill, and its effects on the environment can still be seen in today’s oceans, for multiple regions are still not cleansed of the substance. Since 2010, many incidents have occurred that are similar to the BP oil spill. Water pollution has contributed to the contamination of the world’s supply of useable water. This pollution can come in many different forms. So me of these forms include intentional or unintentional contamination by industries, and industrial accidents like the BP oil spill. Events like these are common, and they infect the water that individuals utilize on a daily basis. Because these events harm the environment, furious individuals are demanding to know who is responsible for treating tainted water. As one researches more on this topic, he will soon discover many arguments as to who is responsible for treating contaminated water. ManyShow MoreRelatedoil spill4253 Words   |  18 Pagesï » ¿ Oil Spill Group 3 Vera Lois A. Decano Kriceal Viz B. Saldon Mia Tagle Sam John F. Luison Kathe Unabia Chayya Margaret P. Golez Dominic M. Concillo Oil Spill Introduction In the recent years there have been occurrences of oil spills in several locations within our country. Knowing that these have adverse effects on our environment and the ecosystem as a whole, we’ve always been in search of ways to counter this major problem. 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Child Marraige free essay sample

It blocks them from education and any possibility of independent work. It subjects them to pregnancy and childbirth before they have reached physical maturity, a circumstance that often produces serious physical trauma, psychological disturbance, and sometimes lifelong physical and/or emotional incapacities. Confusion about the legal status of child marriages results from widespread ignorance of the law by the majority of society. Even ministers were in many cases, unaware of the actual minimum ages for marriage. In Afghanistan marriage is regulated by civil law, various interpretations of Shariah law, and traditional and customary practices. Civil law sets the minimum marriage age for females at 16, but it permits a father to give his daughter in marriage at age 15, if he chooses. Shariah law sets the minimum age for females at 15. Customary practices approve marriage at earlier ages. In any case, Civil law takes precedence over both Shariah law and customary practice. (Shariah law is applied in matters not specifically set forth in the civil codes. Although the non registration of the marriages and the absence of identification documents do not allow the collection of accurate data on the subject, the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC) consider the non respect of the minimum age requirement to be the major violation of the right to marry or not to marry. In addition, Afghanistan is bound to end child marriage through its ratification of certain internationalconventions including The Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Based on annual report of AIHRC suicides, self immolations, murders, sexual perversions and psychological disorders are amongst the many negative consequences of child marriage. These also include the increase of maternal and child mortality rates, and the low level of education for women which has a long term effect on the role these play in the country’s political, social and economic life. According to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) report, girls who marry during their childhood do not develop properly, neither physically nor psychologically. They are frequently denied access to education and are subject to different types of diseases arising from abnormal births and isolation. Childhood marriages are common place and prevalent in Afghanistan. In this respect, the Afghan Constitution has clear provisions to support families and children. Based on the reports 57% of Afghan girls are forced to marry before the age of eighteen. Pregnancies of sixteen years old girls are relatively common in Afghanistan. Problem statement: Child marriage is a serious problem, and there are frequent cases of young girls being married to the much older men. Many times, children and teenagers are pulled out of school to marry, depriving them of an education and meaningful work. Victims suffer health risks associated with early sexual activity, such as high risks of maternal and child mortality and sexually transmitted infections, such as HIV/AIDS. They are also likely to be victims of domestic, sexual, and/or emotional abuse, and may suffer from social isolation. Child marriages have negative and unexpected consequences like propagation of disease, divorce cases and escaping from home. While parent’s poverty and illiteracy may lead to their marrying daughters as child, these very marriages will prevent the daughters from having access to education and economic progress. Research Questions: 1. What are the Social, Economic and Political consequences of forced and early marriages in rural society? Objective The focus of this concept paper is to know reasons, causes and consequences of early childhood marriages in Afghanistan. In addition this will seek on vulnerabilities which the girls face by forced and early marriages in rural areas and how it is linked with the rural society and contribute with the poverty, violence and isolation of the families. Research method: The Research will included literature review, reviews of existing files in hospitals and schools, interviews with hospital and school directors, interviews with Rural people (Target area), Government officials and NGOs. Forced Marriages in Afghanistan Afghanistan y Tahera Nassrat   |   on April 6th, 2010   |   9 comments Throughout the world, there are 49 countries that have forced marriage or child bride problems. Forced marriage is simply breach of basic human rights. It is a form of domestic violence and child abuse that contributes to a society’s problems. Afghanistan is one of the Islamic countries where people hold strongly tight to customs and traditions. Breaking the tradition of marrying young children, both boys and g irls, is not only difficult, but near impossible in most urban districts. In the rural areas of Afghanistan, girls are mostly married between ages of 7 to 11. It is really rare that a girl reaches the age of 16 and is not married. The customs, traditions and community they live in make it impossible for girls to break free from forced marriages. They do not get ask to speak for self desire. The fathers in the families mostly decide, as the mothers do not get involved in the decisions, because they are women. By marrying   children in early ages, families are putting them in situations of isolation, health problems, abuse, suicide and lack of education. They believe, they are doing best for their children and without their consents, they bond them into marriage contracts. However, they don’t consider that forced marriage affect women and young children adversely. It involves negative situations like threatening behavior, emotional blackmail, physical violence, rape, sexual abuse, suicide and even murder and young children are obviously not in the capacity to handle such pressure. According to a United Nations’ report, between 60 to 80 percent of marriages in Afghanistan are forced marriages. The report states that the reason why girls are dragged into forced marriages are; repayment of debts; to solve a dispute and to pay family expenses. Moreover, It is obvious among Pashtons, that their widow will never marry someone out of their family, as they always marry the brother of their deceased husband. However in a non-Pashton family, the girl is asked to marry her brother-in-law to get support for the children of her sister. Even worse, some sisters are married to pay for the crime of their brothers by marrying the victims. So, people in Afghanistan believe it is part of culture to marry a girl before age of 18th and not let her have a say, but they should consider that forcing a girl to marry cannot be regarded as cultural practice in any society. It is a violation of basic human rights. Therefore, women as part of society should be able to freely express their choices about their lifestyle desires. The video bellow is history of a 12 year girl who was forced into marriage. She ran away to break free from her in-laws, but unfortunately was arrested and in form of punishment by her husband (a Talib) she lost her nose and ear. Child Marriage in Afghanistan October 2, 2011 by Aamozgar01 Filed under Cultural, Featured 5 Comments If the government of Afghanistan does not stop the practice of child marriage, most mothers will lose their children besides their own lives in Afghanistan as a result of under age marriage. Indeed, getting married under the age of eighteen or sixteen is not legal according to any law around world because it is internationally accepted that at least the couples should be sixteen. Although according to the Afghan Civil Law the minimum age of marriage for male is 18 and female 16, according to reports of Medica Mondiale and UNICEF, 57 per cent of Afghan females are married under the age sixteen without their consent because of their parent’s financial problems. Moreover, Getting married under 16 sixteen will result several serious health problems for mothers that cause them not to develop properly, neither physically nor psychologically (Earily Marriage in Afghanistan). For instance, a woman living in Qala-e-Bakhtiar of Kabul with her six children has said to Medica Mondial that she was only 15 when she was married against her will. She hates the noise of her children   because   of   having   psychological   problems. (W. Mukhatari , pg 6). The marriage of children by force is against human rights. Children know nothing about their sexual relationship with their life partners, because they are still child and their parents should take care of them. Therefore, to save the Afghan female hildren from being exchanged for an amount   of   money   to   solve   a   family s   financial   problems,   Afghanistan government   should   educate   and campaign     about   consequences   of   child   marriage,   increase employment opportunities for parents, and enforce the law by making the marriage registration legal. In spite of understanding the childhood condition of children, most of the Afghan parents marry their daughters because financial problems they are facing. Poverty is a challenge, which changes the lives of children besides the culture of early child marriage. According to the report by Millennium Development Goals for Afghanistan, the average income of per member of family is 200$ a year and less than one dollar   a   day. So, they   are   considered   below   the   poverty   line     (Earily     Marriage   in Afghanistan). Thus, to get out of the financial crises the marriage of their daughters before their legal ages such 16 or 18 would be considered for some families the only option for the parents to protect their family honor, pay their debts and take a little amount of money in exchange for their. First of all, one of the reasons of child marriage is to receive an exorbitant amount of money, which is called Toyana (wedding expenses) in Dari. The payment that parents   receive from the groom family is not less than 300,000 Afs. and is not meant to be the wedding expenses, but the price of their child daughter. In a report about the child   marriages   in   Afghanistan   by   the   Women   and   Children   Legal   Research   Foundation (WCLRF) shows that most of the interviewees have said that the only reason they were married in their childhoods was to receive Toyana from the groom’s family (Earily Marriage in Afghanistan). Secondly, the other factor that makes the poor families marry their daughters under the age sixteen, often times in rural areas, is to exchange women for women which is called Badal. The practice of this type of marriage is very common among the afghan people. This kind of marriage saves a huge expense of both sides because of exchanging their child daughters from a family to another family to satisfy both sides. The wedding party of such kind of marriage is often   celebrated at one time to avoid spending an   large amount of money. Indeed, it is the little young female who is devoted for her brother and is victimized for a little amount of money. Third, debt is another function that the females are exchanged for under the age sixteen in Afghanistan. When a family is unable to pay its debt within limited time that agreed, then the family is supposed to pay a huge amount that satisfy the lender, such as building, farming land, in some cases even a daughter otherwise the family is put in jail. So, the only remaining option for the family to protect its ancestors   property would be to sacrifice a daughter as a form of repayment for debt. It does not matter whether the child daughter is 9 or 18 years. As an explicit example, Shahs Family had to marry their 9 year old daughter Khalida   two years ago. Shah had received almost 2000$ from a drug trader to grow opium in his land, but the government crop-eradication team destroyed his poppy field and put the Shah family in debt. So, he had to give his 9 years daughter to drug trader because nothing was left in his life. (Clifford) Forth, the traditional custom of Afghan people is victimizing the child females in most of the rural areas. One of the reasons of child marriage in Afghanistan is Baad, which is a traditional way of having the child females to marry one of males from the family of   enemy and forcing her to accept him as her husband in compensation for the crime that her father or brother has committed against the enemy family, and to stop the enmity between two families. For instance, Aisha, an Afghan female whose nose and ears were cut by her Al-Qaeda husband in Oruzgan province, was just 8 years old when she was given as a Baad to her husband family 10 years ago (Shaming her in-laws costs ). Because her father had killed a member of her husband family, so he had to give his daughter to compensate his crime and to avoid being imprisoned or being killed by his enemy. Unfortunately, when the child female goes to her husband house in Baad marriage she is not going to her in-laws   house as a bride but as a slave. Consequently, the child marriage has several negative impacts on the health of both, mothers and babies. The female children wh o are married under the age of 16 0r 18 would not be prepared for pregnancies and child birth. A statistic of child marriage by Women and Children Legal   Research   Foundation   (WCLRF)   shows   that   28. 7%   mothers   have   physiological   and psychological problems, 34. 1% have physically weak children,   8. 9% have handicapped and disabled children, 1. 6% have children with different types of diseases and disorders, and 40. 4% of these women have suffered from gynecological disease (Earily Marriage in Afghanistan). In addition, the child marriage would result to take the life of the mothers along with losing the babies. Most   of   the   mothers   who   are   dying   at the age of   18-19   are   because   of   their   early regnancies, and the chance of   survival for the babies would be forty per cent comparing to the mothers who married in their proper ages (Sadik). Furthermore, child marriage would result the child brides to be abused by their in-laws family. Most of the child females face various violations after t hey get married, such as no right to choose, no right to go somewhere without the permission of her husband . When the violation increase the child bride is going to be isolated from the families and relatives. Thus, the only options that remains for the child bride is to suicide or escape from home. The interview of female prisoners by   the   Medica   Mendials   legal   staff   shows   that   60%   of prisoners   were   the   escapees   from husbands   houses who were married under the age sixteen. Most of the prisoners have said that they   were   being   abused   or   even   being   threaten   to   dead by   their   in-laws   families (W. Mukhatari , pg 9) . To come out of the child marriage problem and save little young girls in Afghanistan, education and awareness of public are the main keys to prevent from child marriage. The government should provide community education programs to inform the public about negative consequences of child marriage. Such programs can be implemented easily by   Ministry of Women Affairs, which   can   easily   teach   the   women   of   an   area   without   any   problem,   or   in   other   way,   the government should pay the clergymen of mosques to advice the parents on their tribunes. These are the only sources that families can trust on. Moreover, the government should implement public awareness campaigns by international organizations and by holding Shoras and Jirgas with the elders of rural areas to talk about the negative impacts of child marriage (Earily Marriage in Afghanistan). The government of Afghanistan should enforce the law to prevent child marriages. For instance, keeping the marriage registration regularly by the government agencies and receiving the evidence and acquiescence of both sides could be a possible way to reduce the child marriage. For example, in parts of   Indonesia, registration of marriage is dependent on evidence that the marriage is not forced on couples (Sadik). The parents who marry their daughters in their childhood under the age 16 should punished and persecuted seriously by the government as governments of Norway and Kyrgyzstan did. They both have set the minimum age of the girls 17 and the punishment of those who marry the females earlier than the age 17 would be jailed for 2 to 6 years. Weak Economy is another factor, which causes most child marriages in Afghanistan. The government should try to develop the economic situation in rural areas where   women have   cannot   earn   money   for   themselves. For example,   the   project   of Micro finance Investment   Support   Facility   for   Afghanistan,   which   is   donated   by   the   World   Bank   and   is implemented by the Rural Rehabilitation and Development Ministry, should be accessible for all women the Afghanistan. In fact, lending a little amount of money to women can be   the   start   of   their   business   to   provide   their   own   necessities. For example   Saima Mohammad who was about to be divorced by her husband because of having only a daughter and no son. Her husband had borrowed 3,000$, and he was not able to pay it back. So, Saima went to Pakistani micro finance organization called Kashf Foundation, took out only 65$ as loan and bought her 65$ bead and clothes to make embroidery from them and sell them to market in Lahor. She has everything now, and even her husband is working with her (Knistaff). The government should be serious in taking important steps against child   marriages in Afghanistan, because child marriage is dangerous for the health of both, mothers and their babies. People should be informed; the parents who force their child daughters to marry and those who marry females under the age sixteen should be punished. Most importantly, the economic situation of people should be developed to prevent them to not marry their children under the age sixteen in exchange for an amount of money. So, the Afghan government needs to increase peoples’ awareness about the outcome of early marriage, make employment opportunities and persecute those who marry their children before the age sixteen. Written by: Zabiullah Zabi http://www. aamozgar. org/child-marriage-in-afghanistan/ Forced and Child Marriage Forced and child marriages entrap women and young girls in relationships that deprive them of their basic human rights. Forced marriage constitutes a human rights violation in and of itself. Article One of the  Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages  states that â€Å"No marriage shall be legally entered into without the full and free consent of both parties, such consent to be expressed by them in person after due publicity and in the presence of the authority competent to solemnize the marriage and of witnesses, as prescribed by law. † The Marriage Convention addresses the issue of age. According to Article 2 of the  Convention, â€Å"States Parties to the present Convention shall take legislative action to specify a minimum age for marriage. No marriage shall be legally entered into by any person under this age, except where a competent authority has granted a dispensation as to age, for serious reasons, in the interest of the intending spouses. †Ã‚   Under General Assembly Resolution 2018 (XX) of 1 November 1965, â€Å"Recommendation on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages,† Principle II states that the minimum age to marry be set no lower than fifteen years. However, this is only a recommendation and it still allows room for a competent authority to grant â€Å"dispensation as to age for serious reasons. Leaving the minimum age of consent to the discretion of each country and allowing an authority to make exceptions to the minimum age of marriage aggravates the potential for early and forced marriages. Forced marriages differ from arranged marriages. In forced marriages, one or both of the partners cannot give free or valid consent to the marriage. Forced marriages i nvolve varying degrees of force, coercion or deception, ranging from emotional pressure by family or community members to abduction and imprisonment. Emotional pressure from a victim’s family includes repeatedly telling the victim that the family’s social standing and reputation are at stake, as well as isolating the victim or refusing to speak to her. In more severe cases, the victim can be subject to physical or sexual abuse, including rape. In arranged marriages, the parents and families play a leading role in arranging the marriage, but the individuals getting married can nonetheless chose whether to marry or not. Many regard arranged marriage as a well-established cultural tradition that flourishes in many communities, so a clear distinction should be drawn between forced and arranged marriages. However, in some cases the difference between a forced marriage and an arranged marriage may be purely semantic. In her January 2007 report, â€Å"Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights Aspects of the Victims of Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children,† Sigma Huda states that, â€Å"[a] marriage imposed on a woman not by explicit force, but by subjecting her to relentless pressure and/or manipulation, ften by telling her that her refusal of a suitor will harm her family’s standing in the community, can also be understood as forced. † Prevalence Forced and child marriage mainly affects young women and girls, although there are cases of young men and boys being forced to marry—especially if there are concerns about his sexual orientation. Reliable statistics on forced marriage are difficult to compile due to the unofficial and, therefore, undocumented nature of most forced marriages. In 2003, the International Centre for Research on Women estimated that more than 51 million girls under 18 years were married and they expected the figure to rise to over 100 million within the next ten years. Similarly, in 2006, experts estimated that thirty-eight percent of young women aged 20 to 24 in the fifty least developed countries were married before the age of 18. gt;gt;Learn more Causes and Risk Factors No major world religion sanctions forced marriage. It is purely a cultural practice. However, no culture exclusively practices forced marriage. Victims are forced into marriage for many different reasons. In the  United Kingdom, the Working Group on Forced Marriage found that most cases were a result of â€Å"loving manipulation, where parents genuinely felt that they were acting in their children and family’s best interests. †   To families living in poverty or economic instability, a daughter may be seen as an â€Å"economic burden† who must be married as soon as possible to take financial strain off of the family. Marriage can also be used to settle a debt, or to strengthen family or caste status through social alliances. Fears about sexual activity before marriage, or fear of rumors about such activity ruining a daughter’s opportunity to marry well, also fuel early and forced marriages. gt;gt; Learn more Consequences and Effects Forced and child marriages have severe psychological, emotional, medical, financial, and legal consequences. Victims tend to be isolated from their peers and friends. They rarely have access to social services that could assist them. Early marriages often interrupt a victim’s education. This deprives them of their right to education, as well as limits any possibility of economic independence from their spouse, making it more difficult to escape from an unwanted marriage. The unofficial nature of many of these marriages means that they often go unregistered, leaving a woman with no legal protections in cases of separation. Forced and child marriages are also more likely to become violent because the relationship is based on the power of one spouse over the other. In addition, complications during childbirth are much more common among young mothers. gt;gt;Learn more International and Domestic Law and Policies Numerous international legal instruments prohibit forced and child marriage, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Although most countries have signed onto these documents, many countries have not taken sufficient steps to implement these treaties. In 2005, the Council of Europe adopted  Resolution 1468  on forced marriages and child marriages. However, only a few countries have criminalized forced marriage.