Class and Gender in Wuthering Heights Essays - 704 Words

Conflict as a result of class and gender division is a common theme seen throughout Emily Bront#235;s novel Wuthering Heights. Social contrasts and gender boundaries create oppression and tension amongst the characters, affecting their composure and behaviour throughout the novel. The most obvious distinction between upper and lower classes is with the two settings; Thrushcross Grange and Wuthering Heights. Both places differ significantly in both disposition and appearance. The society in Wuthering Heights is that of the working class. Wuthering Heights is a worn out farm that represents difficulty; ruthlessness, and hard work. Life at Wuthering Heights is more domestic yet spiteful revenge and personal struggles envelop the†¦show more content†¦Heathcliffs social position is solidified by the treatment he receives from almost everyone at Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff has little nobility as a child and even after he becomes a wealthy gentleman later in his life his past is still a label that follows him. Throughout the novel characters leave Wuthering Heights however something causes them to return. This is seen with Heathcliff when he moves away and returns with money, it is also seen with Catherines moving to Thrushcross Grange. No matter how hard these characters try to alter their past lives, there is a part of Wuthering Heights they cannot escape from. There are displays of revenge caused by the separations between social standings. Heathcliff shows that he is a vengeful person when he is resented by Hindley for taking Mr Earnshaws affection. Heathcliff confirms his social subordination by obeying Hindleys orders and becoming his servant after the death of Mr.Earnshaw. Heathcliff privately expresses his merciless side to Catherine by saying, Im trying to settle how I shall pay Hindley back...I hope he will not die before I do (Bront#235; 153). In Wuthering Heights, a persons social standing is more important to their life than their own happiness is. This is shown through Catherine when she chooses to marry Edgar instead of Heathcliff, Edgar is from Thrushcross Grange; he has money, he has status himself and will thus enhance Catherines social standing.Show MoreRelatedFeminism And The Social, Economic, And Political Equality Of The Sexes1619 Words   |  7 PagesWuthering Heights: Feminism Feminism, or â€Å"The belief in the social, economic, and political equality of the sexes.† (Elinor Burkett, Laura Brunell paragraph 1) was a very popular topic in Victorian fiction, and still is to this day with the first signs of feminist logic appearing in 3rd century BCE for the attempted appeal of women’s use of expensive goods, and continuing on to the present day third wave of feminism. Throughout history, women have been seen as objects and toys to men, in which willRead MoreEmily Bronte and D.H Lawrences Exploration of Social Class1288 Words   |  6 PagesSocial class plays a very significant part in my core text, ‘Wuthering Heights’ and also my partner text , ‘Sons and Lovers’ because it helps the reader determine a sense of character and plays a massive part in the reader finding the true depth of a character. Social class in both novels is determined by location and the origin of the characters, as in ‘Wuthering Heightsâ₠¬â„¢ we see that Heathcliff is considered as abnormal and known as having a lower social class because of the uncertainty of his originRead MoreThe Power of Women1242 Words   |  5 Pagesof power between the two sexes, male and female. In the two books Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte and in The Poisonwood Bible by Barbara Kingsolver, the power and voice of the women become inferior to the one of the men. The women in both books are able to overpower the men with their own voice, women not only carry the will to do so but are prominent to be as equal as men and not be the bare bottom in the classification of genders. Many men may disagree with the fact that women are yet to be treatedRead MoreThe Importance Of Society And Class In Wuthering Heights1613 Words   |  7 PagesEmily Brontà « uses her novel Wuthering Heights to showcase how the constraints of one’s class, while only enforced by will, can take control over one’s autonomy and desires. Brontà « accomplis hes this in her depiction of the characters Catherine Earnshaw Linton and Heathcliff. Catherine begins the novel as a tomboyish girl, with no intentions of becoming a â€Å"lady† as defined by the society of her time. She only begins to want to conform to feminine roles when she is introduced to the expectations ofRead MoreFeminism And The Social, Economic, And Political Equality Of The Sexes1616 Words   |  7 Pagesof women’s use of expensive goods, and continuing on to the present day third wave of feminism. Throughout history, women have been seen as objects and toys to men, in which will never have equal rights nor opportunities that men receive for their gender, living their lives in â€Å"utter boredom and lack of fulfillment.† (Elinor Burkett, Laura Brunell Prologue To a Social Movement) â€Å"Throughout most of Western history, women were confined to the domestic sphere, while public life was reserved for men.†Read MoreWuthering Heights A New Go thic875 Words   |  4 PagesWuthering Heights A New Gothic Wuthering Heights is considered one of the greatest Gothic novels written by Emily Bronte, the only novel published under the name Ellis Bell. It is a tragic love story that presents the consuming passion between Heathcliff and Catherine. These two characters live under the pressures of social class and gender inequality. One of the classic features of Gothic literature is the supernatural. Bronte succeeds in combing the Gothic elements with romantic themes andRead MoreEmily Brontes Wuthering Heights: Mental Illness and Feminism915 Words   |  4 Pages Psychoanalytical View of Wuthering Heights Mental illness was viewed as being a self-inflicted disease during the time period Wuthering Heights was written in (Bloomfield 298). Many of the characters suffer from a form of mental illness, but not all of them can be seen as self-inflicted. Most of the illnesses are inflicted by the death of other characters. After Hindley’s wife dies in his arms, he becomes an alcoholic and foreshadows his own death due to his destructive behavior (Bloomfield 291)Read MoreAnalysis Of Wuthering Heights 1398 Words   |  6 PagesWuthering Heights is a fictional novel written by Emily Bronte. This book is very sexist with the females frequently being immature, overly dramatic and childish. The betrayal in this book come when Heathcliff feels that Catherine betrayed herself by not pursuing his love. Hindle also showed jealousy towards heathcliff. In the play Macbeth written by William Shakespeare, Lady Macbeth is the most famous woman character. She is stronger, more ambitious and ruthle ss than her husband. Lady Macbeth pushedRead MorePride and Prejudice by Jane Austin Vs. Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte902 Words   |  4 PagesPrejudice by Jane Austin, can be seen as a different role model when compared to Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte. Both novels have a similar background but with a different twist. Austin’s description of writing is seen to be related to a more realistic and satire approach, whereas Bronte’s style seems to be a bit gothic. Furthermore, both novels have a romantic presentation of two very unique genders that fall deeply in love with one another. Pride Prejudice starts off with Darcy beingRead MoreEssay on Early Criticisms Of Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte2511 Words   |  11 PagesWuthering Heights was first published in 1847 with the author’s name given as Ellis Bell. Wuthering Heights was actually written by Emily Bronte, but she adopted a male alias as female authors rarely got published. Her work was praised for the imagination used, but criticised for its moral ambiguity. Wuthering Heights challenged Victorian ideals and this shocked its first critics. The fact that Emily Bronte felt the need to use a male alias is an indication of how she feared the public would

Analysis Of The Poem Blood Red Sunset - 1547 Words

Blood Red Sunset is a record of Ma Bo s life and which stunned people all through China when it was distributed and was even prohibited by the Communist Government for a set time. This story paints a picture for what the Chinese Cultural Revolution truly was. Chinese living today can bear witness to if this was the life that they had at this time to persevere amid the Cultural Revolution comparable if not indistinguishable experiences as told in Ma Bo s story. The drudges of being a youthful Red Guard in inward China were experienced by many if not millions. The revulsions and atrocities were across the board all through the nation, not simply in Inner Mongolia. The encounters outlined in Blood Red Sunset have to deal with Ma Bo s whole†¦show more content†¦Ma Bo s personal history gives a genuine story of what truly happened. As Ma Bo s story tells this bad dream was genuine. His understanding into this Inner China social clash is only an essence of the truth at the time, h owever even this little yet point by point taste is very severe. At an opportune time as a hopeful, youthful, and gullible student Ma Bo set out on an epic trip to answer the call of China s Great Leader, Mao Zedong. Indeed, even before this adventure he had a background marked by jumping at such calls with incredible excitement. This extremely enthusiastic student while in middle school even reacted once by assaulting his own mom to answer Mao s call for ideology. He denounced her in public many times and even put up propaganda posters denouncing her, as well as taking part in searches of his own house. Then when Mao Zedong called for China’s youth to gain revolutionary experience in the new Cultural Revolution by going up to the mountains and down to the countryside making revolution. With that the youthful Red Guard intensely addressed the call by joining the Production and Construction Military Corps, which was a branch of the Chinese military. Starting there he and his companions set out to Inner Mongolia to look for bliss from diligen t work and increasing progressive experience from that. They did this by the reclaiming of countless sections of land and meadow. ThroughShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of a Young Mans Thoughts Before June 16th - Fhazel Johennesse1555 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of ‘A Young Man’s Thoughts before June the 16th’ – Fhazel Johennesse The historical background to the poem is June 16th 1976. This date marks the Soweto Uprising which was initiated in Soweto by black high school students. The students were protesting against being taught in Afrikaans in their local schools. The demonstration was meant to be peaceful and was secretly planned to avoid discovery by the police. On the morning of June the 16th, thousands of youths gathered with the plan toRead MoreAnalyzing Mr. Keating’s Teaching Concept in Dead Poets Society from Progressivism4764 Words   |  20 Pagesthe document literature, there are not many domestic scholars study on education through Dead Poets Society. The articles one-sidedly analyze the teaching methods, teaching concept or teacher-student relationship of this film, which still help the analysis of several aspects in this thesis. For example The Teaching Paradigm Thinking Triggered by ‘Dead Poets Society’ written by Long Qixiang, it has explained the changes in teaching purp ose in this film; and Discussion on Mr. Keating’ Teaching ConceptRead MoreConfucianism in Journey to the West31834 Words   |  128 PagesUniversity of Leiden 14 June 2012 Department: Language and Culture of China Course: Visual Political Communication (BA3) Semester: Summer Semester 2011/2012 Lecturer: Florian Schneider Journey to the West A Textual-Visual Discourse Analysis Name: Stefan Ruijsch (Student No. 0620203) Major: Chinese Studies, BA 3 E-mail: s.ruijsch@umail.leidenuniv.nl Phone: 06-48369645 Address: Vrijheidslaan 256, 2321 DP Leiden Word Count: 9,387 Table of Contents pageRead MorePopulation Problem in Bangladesh14871 Words   |  60 PagesThe Bangladeshi English Essay Book An Analysis by Robin Upton, January 22nd 2006 Public Domain under (cc) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0 Jan 2006 - Robin Upton - http:// www.RobinUpton.com/research Contents Purpose........................................................................................................... 1 Introduction to Essay Books .......................................................................... 1 Impact of Essay Books ................Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesof systematic study. Identify the major behavioral science disciplines that contribute to OB. Demonstrate why few absolutes apply to OB. Identify the challenges and opportunities managers have in applying OB concepts. Compare the three levels of analysis in this book’s OB model. MyManagementLab Access a host of interactive learning aids to help strengthen your understanding of the chapter concepts at www.mymanagementlab.com cott Nicholson sits alone in his parents’ house in suburban Boston

Essay about Criminological Theories - 1544 Words

There are many different aspects of criminal justice policy. One in particular is the different theories of crime and how they affect the criminal justice system. The Classical School of criminology is a theory about evolving from a capital punishment type of view to more humane ways of punishing people. Positivist criminology is maintaining the control of human behavior and criminal behavior. They did this through three different categories of Biological studies, which are five methodologies of crime that were mainly focused on biological theories, Psychological theories, which contains four separate theories, and the Sociological theories, which also includes four different methods of explaining why crime exists. The last theory is†¦show more content†¦Prisons for example, are a dominant sense of making the country feel safer because the criminals are being locked up. Also, the death penalty can be a form of deterrence towards other criminals because they are able to see what is happening to other criminals that commit the same types of crimes. Whether or not this does deter criminals from committing crimes is another story. The Positivist School of criminology began in the late 19th century and is still a part of society today. The Positivist School suggests that in order to control crime, you have to use scientific methods to look for the causes of crime. Some important developments the theory included were controlling human behavior, controlling criminal behavior, industrial revolutions, the emergence of modern science, and finally Darwins theory of evolution. Many assumptions had been made, but a few in particular stood out to be the most important. Theorists said that human nature is determined before you are even born. Also that it is differentiated which means that criminals are different from non-criminals. The five methodologies are based on biological characteristics that may cause the criminals to commit the crimes they based on certain characteristics. The first method is physiognomy. This judges character by facial features as well as physical features. It can be traced back to Anci ent Greece and Rome. The second isShow MoreRelatedDetermining the Cause of Bullying by Using Three Main Criminological Theories906 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual factors that affect bullying. The current study that will be discussed attempts to determine the cause of bullying by using three main criminological theories, which are general theory of crime, differential association theory, and general strain theory. Concentration will be placed on the conclusive data found from the use of general strain theory. Moon, Hwang, and McCluskey (2011) conducted a longitudinal study that consisted of analyzing data from two waves of questionnaires given outRead MorePersonal Criminological Theory890 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Criminological theory To prevent crime, it is imperative that the law enforcement agencies and scholars examine why people commit crime. A number of theories have emerged and many still continue to be explored in exclusion and in combination to seek the best solutions that can ultimately reduce the types and the levels of crime. One such theory that is still being explored is social disorganization theory. According to this theory peoples tendency to take part in criminal activitiesRead MoreIntegrated Criminological Theories2451 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Criminological theories have come a long way from their origins; in ancient times it was believed that crimes were committed by people who were possessed by the devil, or women who practiced the dark art of witchcraft (Lilly, Cullen, Ball, 2011, pg 18). As the theories progressed into modern times, the theorist behind these criminological theories had only focused on one single cause behind criminality. Thanks to the work done by member of the Chicago School many of the new theories were ableRead MoreApplying Criminological Theory to Solve the Murder of Tigger Essay748 Words   |  3 PagesApplying criminological theory to a suspect’s anecdotal evidence can help to distinguish which suspect could be the possible offender. In this certain case, poor Tigger has been murdered and there are 3 possible suspects. Merton’s Anomie Theory will be applied to suspect number 1: Winnie The Pooh. Eysenck’s Theory will be applied to suspect number 2: Piglet and Social Bond T heory will be applied to suspect number 3: Eeyore. Merton’s Anomie theory works around the theory that a society or cultureRead MoreEssay on Criminological Theories13456 Words   |  54 PagesStudent Study Guide for Ronald L. Akers and Christine S. Sellers’ Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Applications Fourth Edition Prepared by Eric See Youngstown State University Roxbury Publishing Company Los Angeles, California 1 Student Study Guide by Eric See for Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Application , 4th Edition by Ronald L. Akers and Christine S. Sellers Copyright  © 2004 Roxbury Publishing Company, Los Angeles, CaliforniaRead MorePersonal Criminological Theory Paper1142 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Criminological Theory Paper Criminological Theory 3 February 2012 Personal Criminological Theory Paper Introduction Through out the years Criminologists has conducted a great amount of research and through that research Criminologist has developed different theories in order to better understand and explain criminal behavior. Theories try to help make sense out of many observations that are conducted presenting the facts of the principal that connects and explains the theories. If goodRead MoreThe Contribution Of Criminological Theory2187 Words   |  9 Pages With reference to two or more of the theories covered in this module, critically assess the contribution that criminological theory could make to our understanding of an issue of crime, justice or punishment. The way in which a society criminalises a persons actions has been, and still is, and heavily debated topic. From pre-enlightenment; where by crimes were seen as action against the natural order, to a more modern stance that the notion of crime in itself is socially constructed. CrimeRead MoreCriminological Theory and Burglary1796 Words   |  8 Pagesthe St. Louis area and gaining inside knowledge of these criminals’ daily lives and their crimes. This paper will address anomie and bond theories and how it relates to the offenders in this study and the socialization of these subjects into criminality and the street culture in which they live. Conventional Goals? According to Robert Merton’s anomie theory, people are not born criminals; they conform to the environment in which they live. Conventional means of reaching a goal are often moreRead MoreCriminological Theories Of Juvenile Violence845 Words   |  4 Pagesand other outside factors. Juvenile are in a period in their lives where countless aspects can influence the way they think, act, and even speak. Criminological theories have been created and tested to factor why juveniles partake in crime and why do they tend to be influenced to continuously break the law. Theories like micro, macro, and critical theories assisted in creating a model towards explanation on why there is juvenile violence. According to Bushman et al., â€Å"youth homicide rates are 3 toRead MoreTheories And Rehabilitation Of The Criminological Theory Book By Frank Williams IIi And Marilyn D. Mcshane Essay862 Words   |  4 PagesCriminological theory paper: Ch.14 theories and Rehabilitation Chapter 14 of the Criminological Theory book by Frank Williams III and Marilyn D. McShane is dedicated to Contemporary theories of Process. Contemporary theories of process in this chapter include general strain theory, self-control theory and developmental life course theory. These three theories focus on â€Å"the importance of factors in early life† (Williams McShane 2014 Page 204). I believe the theories that are reviewed in this chapter

The Spill Of The Oil Spill - 876 Words

On April 20th, 2010, an enormous explosion took place on the Deepwater Horizon Rig located fifty miles off the coast of Louisiana. This explosion triggered a chain of events that resulted in the death of eleven workers and more than 184 million gallons of crude oil being spilled into the ocean water (â€Å"100 Days,† n.d.). This oil contaminated the habitats of hundreds of species to a nearly unrecoverable extent. If any members of the native wildlife were not killed, they would be found completely coated in oil and in desperate need of care to save their lives. This incident is known as the BP oil spill, and its effects on the environment can still be seen in today’s oceans, for multiple regions are still not cleansed of the substance. Since 2010, many incidents have occurred that are similar to the BP oil spill. Water pollution has contributed to the contamination of the world’s supply of useable water. This pollution can come in many different forms. So me of these forms include intentional or unintentional contamination by industries, and industrial accidents like the BP oil spill. Events like these are common, and they infect the water that individuals utilize on a daily basis. Because these events harm the environment, furious individuals are demanding to know who is responsible for treating tainted water. As one researches more on this topic, he will soon discover many arguments as to who is responsible for treating contaminated water. ManyShow MoreRelatedoil spill4253 Words   |  18 Pagesï » ¿ Oil Spill Group 3 Vera Lois A. Decano Kriceal Viz B. Saldon Mia Tagle Sam John F. Luison Kathe Unabia Chayya Margaret P. Golez Dominic M. Concillo Oil Spill Introduction In the recent years there have been occurrences of oil spills in several locations within our country. Knowing that these have adverse effects on our environment and the ecosystem as a whole, we’ve always been in search of ways to counter this major problem. The damages we receive from an oil spillRead MoreThe Spill Of The Gulf Oil Spill1020 Words   |  5 PagesThe Gulf oil spill has been considered as the worst oil spill in the history of Unites States. One of the world’s largest energy companies, British Petroleum had been held responsible for the deep-water horizon explosion, which killed 11 people in April 2010. As a result of the explosion, oil has leaked into the ocean killing the aquatic life. The impact of the explosion was so great that it was impossible for human diver to reach the ocean floor. Hence, remote control robots were used for this purposeRead MoreThe Spill Of The Bp Oil Spill1464 Words   |  6 PagesThe BP oil spill was one of the worst oil spi lls to ever happen in the US. There are many factors that caused this horrible spill to happen; to be exact there were eight failures of the oilrig that caused this disaster. The first failure was the cement at the bottom of the borehole was not sealed properly. This caused the oil and gas to start leaking into the pipe leading to the surface of the rig. The second failure was that the valve leading to the surface was sealed improperly with cement. InRead MoreOil Spills2460 Words   |  10 PagesAn oil spill can be defined as an accidental or deliberate dumping of oil or petroleum products into the ocean and its coastal waters, bays, and harbors, or onto land, or into rivers or lakes (Holum 1977). Between one and ten million metric tons (one metric ton is 1000 kilograms) of oil are put into the oceans every year. The oil is released, most often, in small yet consistent doses from tankers, industry, or on shore waste disposal (Boesh, Hersher, et al. 1974). Tanker spills cost the UnitedRead MoreThe Spill Of The Bp Oil Spill1602 Words   |  7 PagesThe BP Oil Spill began on April 20, 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico after the BP leased, Transocean owned, Deepwater Horizon drilling rig exploded, killing 11 and injuring 17 of the 126 crew members. The explosion also sank the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig triggering a massive oil spill that would last for 87 days and leak 4.9 billion barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. After the explosion, BP and the federal government enlisted the best minds in the country and worked tirelessly to come up withRead MoreThe Spill Caused By The British Petroleum Oil Spill1121 Words   |  5 Pages On April 20th, 2010 forty miles of the coast of Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico, the largest oil spill in the United States occurred. The explosion on the British Petroleum oil rig killed eleven people and injured seventeen others resulting in eleven counts of manslaughter, two misdemeanors, and a felony against the corporate giant. Th e spill caused 200 million gallons of crude oil to be pumped into the waters, which lasted a total of eighty-seven days. 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But surprisingly, its even easier to criticize BPs behaviour since the explosion — the company has tried hard to downplay the scale of the tragedy and it hasRead MoreEssay On Oil Spills734 Words   |  3 Pages 7 years ago, one of the largest oil spills in history occurred at the Deepwater Horizon oil rig. To this day, the damage is still being cleaned up, and will never be the same as it was before. The wellhead at the ocean floor is emptying oil contents at an incredibly high rate, causing the sea to be flooded with the harmful, unnatural substance. It is not until recently that scientists have found a way to help minimize the drastic consequences, yet they still didnâ €™t even have time to experiment theirRead MoreOil Spill1888 Words   |  8 PagesThe Role of Cash in a Business Crucial Lesson Taught to People in Taking First Aid Always check first if a victim is breathing, and if not, deal with that first. Statement of Cash Flow There have been instances where people have tended to bleeding wounds, only to find that the victim died from, say, a blocked air passage. Many things are essential to life, but in the short term, nothing is more important than breathing, in that an absence creates the most immediate life threatening crisis

Child Marraige free essay sample

It blocks them from education and any possibility of independent work. It subjects them to pregnancy and childbirth before they have reached physical maturity, a circumstance that often produces serious physical trauma, psychological disturbance, and sometimes lifelong physical and/or emotional incapacities. Confusion about the legal status of child marriages results from widespread ignorance of the law by the majority of society. Even ministers were in many cases, unaware of the actual minimum ages for marriage. In Afghanistan marriage is regulated by civil law, various interpretations of Shariah law, and traditional and customary practices. Civil law sets the minimum marriage age for females at 16, but it permits a father to give his daughter in marriage at age 15, if he chooses. Shariah law sets the minimum age for females at 15. Customary practices approve marriage at earlier ages. In any case, Civil law takes precedence over both Shariah law and customary practice. (Shariah law is applied in matters not specifically set forth in the civil codes. Although the non registration of the marriages and the absence of identification documents do not allow the collection of accurate data on the subject, the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC) consider the non respect of the minimum age requirement to be the major violation of the right to marry or not to marry. In addition, Afghanistan is bound to end child marriage through its ratification of certain internationalconventions including The Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Based on annual report of AIHRC suicides, self immolations, murders, sexual perversions and psychological disorders are amongst the many negative consequences of child marriage. These also include the increase of maternal and child mortality rates, and the low level of education for women which has a long term effect on the role these play in the country’s political, social and economic life. According to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) report, girls who marry during their childhood do not develop properly, neither physically nor psychologically. They are frequently denied access to education and are subject to different types of diseases arising from abnormal births and isolation. Childhood marriages are common place and prevalent in Afghanistan. In this respect, the Afghan Constitution has clear provisions to support families and children. Based on the reports 57% of Afghan girls are forced to marry before the age of eighteen. Pregnancies of sixteen years old girls are relatively common in Afghanistan. Problem statement: Child marriage is a serious problem, and there are frequent cases of young girls being married to the much older men. Many times, children and teenagers are pulled out of school to marry, depriving them of an education and meaningful work. Victims suffer health risks associated with early sexual activity, such as high risks of maternal and child mortality and sexually transmitted infections, such as HIV/AIDS. They are also likely to be victims of domestic, sexual, and/or emotional abuse, and may suffer from social isolation. Child marriages have negative and unexpected consequences like propagation of disease, divorce cases and escaping from home. While parent’s poverty and illiteracy may lead to their marrying daughters as child, these very marriages will prevent the daughters from having access to education and economic progress. Research Questions: 1. What are the Social, Economic and Political consequences of forced and early marriages in rural society? Objective The focus of this concept paper is to know reasons, causes and consequences of early childhood marriages in Afghanistan. In addition this will seek on vulnerabilities which the girls face by forced and early marriages in rural areas and how it is linked with the rural society and contribute with the poverty, violence and isolation of the families. Research method: The Research will included literature review, reviews of existing files in hospitals and schools, interviews with hospital and school directors, interviews with Rural people (Target area), Government officials and NGOs. Forced Marriages in Afghanistan Afghanistan y Tahera Nassrat   |   on April 6th, 2010   |   9 comments Throughout the world, there are 49 countries that have forced marriage or child bride problems. Forced marriage is simply breach of basic human rights. It is a form of domestic violence and child abuse that contributes to a society’s problems. Afghanistan is one of the Islamic countries where people hold strongly tight to customs and traditions. Breaking the tradition of marrying young children, both boys and g irls, is not only difficult, but near impossible in most urban districts. In the rural areas of Afghanistan, girls are mostly married between ages of 7 to 11. It is really rare that a girl reaches the age of 16 and is not married. The customs, traditions and community they live in make it impossible for girls to break free from forced marriages. They do not get ask to speak for self desire. The fathers in the families mostly decide, as the mothers do not get involved in the decisions, because they are women. By marrying   children in early ages, families are putting them in situations of isolation, health problems, abuse, suicide and lack of education. They believe, they are doing best for their children and without their consents, they bond them into marriage contracts. However, they don’t consider that forced marriage affect women and young children adversely. It involves negative situations like threatening behavior, emotional blackmail, physical violence, rape, sexual abuse, suicide and even murder and young children are obviously not in the capacity to handle such pressure. According to a United Nations’ report, between 60 to 80 percent of marriages in Afghanistan are forced marriages. The report states that the reason why girls are dragged into forced marriages are; repayment of debts; to solve a dispute and to pay family expenses. Moreover, It is obvious among Pashtons, that their widow will never marry someone out of their family, as they always marry the brother of their deceased husband. However in a non-Pashton family, the girl is asked to marry her brother-in-law to get support for the children of her sister. Even worse, some sisters are married to pay for the crime of their brothers by marrying the victims. So, people in Afghanistan believe it is part of culture to marry a girl before age of 18th and not let her have a say, but they should consider that forcing a girl to marry cannot be regarded as cultural practice in any society. It is a violation of basic human rights. Therefore, women as part of society should be able to freely express their choices about their lifestyle desires. The video bellow is history of a 12 year girl who was forced into marriage. She ran away to break free from her in-laws, but unfortunately was arrested and in form of punishment by her husband (a Talib) she lost her nose and ear. Child Marriage in Afghanistan October 2, 2011 by Aamozgar01 Filed under Cultural, Featured 5 Comments If the government of Afghanistan does not stop the practice of child marriage, most mothers will lose their children besides their own lives in Afghanistan as a result of under age marriage. Indeed, getting married under the age of eighteen or sixteen is not legal according to any law around world because it is internationally accepted that at least the couples should be sixteen. Although according to the Afghan Civil Law the minimum age of marriage for male is 18 and female 16, according to reports of Medica Mondiale and UNICEF, 57 per cent of Afghan females are married under the age sixteen without their consent because of their parent’s financial problems. Moreover, Getting married under 16 sixteen will result several serious health problems for mothers that cause them not to develop properly, neither physically nor psychologically (Earily Marriage in Afghanistan). For instance, a woman living in Qala-e-Bakhtiar of Kabul with her six children has said to Medica Mondial that she was only 15 when she was married against her will. She hates the noise of her children   because   of   having   psychological   problems. (W. Mukhatari , pg 6). The marriage of children by force is against human rights. Children know nothing about their sexual relationship with their life partners, because they are still child and their parents should take care of them. Therefore, to save the Afghan female hildren from being exchanged for an amount   of   money   to   solve   a   family s   financial   problems,   Afghanistan government   should   educate   and campaign     about   consequences   of   child   marriage,   increase employment opportunities for parents, and enforce the law by making the marriage registration legal. In spite of understanding the childhood condition of children, most of the Afghan parents marry their daughters because financial problems they are facing. Poverty is a challenge, which changes the lives of children besides the culture of early child marriage. According to the report by Millennium Development Goals for Afghanistan, the average income of per member of family is 200$ a year and less than one dollar   a   day. So, they   are   considered   below   the   poverty   line     (Earily     Marriage   in Afghanistan). Thus, to get out of the financial crises the marriage of their daughters before their legal ages such 16 or 18 would be considered for some families the only option for the parents to protect their family honor, pay their debts and take a little amount of money in exchange for their. First of all, one of the reasons of child marriage is to receive an exorbitant amount of money, which is called Toyana (wedding expenses) in Dari. The payment that parents   receive from the groom family is not less than 300,000 Afs. and is not meant to be the wedding expenses, but the price of their child daughter. In a report about the child   marriages   in   Afghanistan   by   the   Women   and   Children   Legal   Research   Foundation (WCLRF) shows that most of the interviewees have said that the only reason they were married in their childhoods was to receive Toyana from the groom’s family (Earily Marriage in Afghanistan). Secondly, the other factor that makes the poor families marry their daughters under the age sixteen, often times in rural areas, is to exchange women for women which is called Badal. The practice of this type of marriage is very common among the afghan people. This kind of marriage saves a huge expense of both sides because of exchanging their child daughters from a family to another family to satisfy both sides. The wedding party of such kind of marriage is often   celebrated at one time to avoid spending an   large amount of money. Indeed, it is the little young female who is devoted for her brother and is victimized for a little amount of money. Third, debt is another function that the females are exchanged for under the age sixteen in Afghanistan. When a family is unable to pay its debt within limited time that agreed, then the family is supposed to pay a huge amount that satisfy the lender, such as building, farming land, in some cases even a daughter otherwise the family is put in jail. So, the only remaining option for the family to protect its ancestors   property would be to sacrifice a daughter as a form of repayment for debt. It does not matter whether the child daughter is 9 or 18 years. As an explicit example, Shahs Family had to marry their 9 year old daughter Khalida   two years ago. Shah had received almost 2000$ from a drug trader to grow opium in his land, but the government crop-eradication team destroyed his poppy field and put the Shah family in debt. So, he had to give his 9 years daughter to drug trader because nothing was left in his life. (Clifford) Forth, the traditional custom of Afghan people is victimizing the child females in most of the rural areas. One of the reasons of child marriage in Afghanistan is Baad, which is a traditional way of having the child females to marry one of males from the family of   enemy and forcing her to accept him as her husband in compensation for the crime that her father or brother has committed against the enemy family, and to stop the enmity between two families. For instance, Aisha, an Afghan female whose nose and ears were cut by her Al-Qaeda husband in Oruzgan province, was just 8 years old when she was given as a Baad to her husband family 10 years ago (Shaming her in-laws costs ). Because her father had killed a member of her husband family, so he had to give his daughter to compensate his crime and to avoid being imprisoned or being killed by his enemy. Unfortunately, when the child female goes to her husband house in Baad marriage she is not going to her in-laws   house as a bride but as a slave. Consequently, the child marriage has several negative impacts on the health of both, mothers and babies. The female children wh o are married under the age of 16 0r 18 would not be prepared for pregnancies and child birth. A statistic of child marriage by Women and Children Legal   Research   Foundation   (WCLRF)   shows   that   28. 7%   mothers   have   physiological   and psychological problems, 34. 1% have physically weak children,   8. 9% have handicapped and disabled children, 1. 6% have children with different types of diseases and disorders, and 40. 4% of these women have suffered from gynecological disease (Earily Marriage in Afghanistan). In addition, the child marriage would result to take the life of the mothers along with losing the babies. Most   of   the   mothers   who   are   dying   at the age of   18-19   are   because   of   their   early regnancies, and the chance of   survival for the babies would be forty per cent comparing to the mothers who married in their proper ages (Sadik). Furthermore, child marriage would result the child brides to be abused by their in-laws family. Most of the child females face various violations after t hey get married, such as no right to choose, no right to go somewhere without the permission of her husband . When the violation increase the child bride is going to be isolated from the families and relatives. Thus, the only options that remains for the child bride is to suicide or escape from home. The interview of female prisoners by   the   Medica   Mendials   legal   staff   shows   that   60%   of prisoners   were   the   escapees   from husbands   houses who were married under the age sixteen. Most of the prisoners have said that they   were   being   abused   or   even   being   threaten   to   dead by   their   in-laws   families (W. Mukhatari , pg 9) . To come out of the child marriage problem and save little young girls in Afghanistan, education and awareness of public are the main keys to prevent from child marriage. The government should provide community education programs to inform the public about negative consequences of child marriage. Such programs can be implemented easily by   Ministry of Women Affairs, which   can   easily   teach   the   women   of   an   area   without   any   problem,   or   in   other   way,   the government should pay the clergymen of mosques to advice the parents on their tribunes. These are the only sources that families can trust on. Moreover, the government should implement public awareness campaigns by international organizations and by holding Shoras and Jirgas with the elders of rural areas to talk about the negative impacts of child marriage (Earily Marriage in Afghanistan). The government of Afghanistan should enforce the law to prevent child marriages. For instance, keeping the marriage registration regularly by the government agencies and receiving the evidence and acquiescence of both sides could be a possible way to reduce the child marriage. For example, in parts of   Indonesia, registration of marriage is dependent on evidence that the marriage is not forced on couples (Sadik). The parents who marry their daughters in their childhood under the age 16 should punished and persecuted seriously by the government as governments of Norway and Kyrgyzstan did. They both have set the minimum age of the girls 17 and the punishment of those who marry the females earlier than the age 17 would be jailed for 2 to 6 years. Weak Economy is another factor, which causes most child marriages in Afghanistan. The government should try to develop the economic situation in rural areas where   women have   cannot   earn   money   for   themselves. For example,   the   project   of Micro finance Investment   Support   Facility   for   Afghanistan,   which   is   donated   by   the   World   Bank   and   is implemented by the Rural Rehabilitation and Development Ministry, should be accessible for all women the Afghanistan. In fact, lending a little amount of money to women can be   the   start   of   their   business   to   provide   their   own   necessities. For example   Saima Mohammad who was about to be divorced by her husband because of having only a daughter and no son. Her husband had borrowed 3,000$, and he was not able to pay it back. So, Saima went to Pakistani micro finance organization called Kashf Foundation, took out only 65$ as loan and bought her 65$ bead and clothes to make embroidery from them and sell them to market in Lahor. She has everything now, and even her husband is working with her (Knistaff). The government should be serious in taking important steps against child   marriages in Afghanistan, because child marriage is dangerous for the health of both, mothers and their babies. People should be informed; the parents who force their child daughters to marry and those who marry females under the age sixteen should be punished. Most importantly, the economic situation of people should be developed to prevent them to not marry their children under the age sixteen in exchange for an amount of money. So, the Afghan government needs to increase peoples’ awareness about the outcome of early marriage, make employment opportunities and persecute those who marry their children before the age sixteen. Written by: Zabiullah Zabi http://www. aamozgar. org/child-marriage-in-afghanistan/ Forced and Child Marriage Forced and child marriages entrap women and young girls in relationships that deprive them of their basic human rights. Forced marriage constitutes a human rights violation in and of itself. Article One of the  Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages  states that â€Å"No marriage shall be legally entered into without the full and free consent of both parties, such consent to be expressed by them in person after due publicity and in the presence of the authority competent to solemnize the marriage and of witnesses, as prescribed by law. † The Marriage Convention addresses the issue of age. According to Article 2 of the  Convention, â€Å"States Parties to the present Convention shall take legislative action to specify a minimum age for marriage. No marriage shall be legally entered into by any person under this age, except where a competent authority has granted a dispensation as to age, for serious reasons, in the interest of the intending spouses. †Ã‚   Under General Assembly Resolution 2018 (XX) of 1 November 1965, â€Å"Recommendation on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages,† Principle II states that the minimum age to marry be set no lower than fifteen years. However, this is only a recommendation and it still allows room for a competent authority to grant â€Å"dispensation as to age for serious reasons. Leaving the minimum age of consent to the discretion of each country and allowing an authority to make exceptions to the minimum age of marriage aggravates the potential for early and forced marriages. Forced marriages differ from arranged marriages. In forced marriages, one or both of the partners cannot give free or valid consent to the marriage. Forced marriages i nvolve varying degrees of force, coercion or deception, ranging from emotional pressure by family or community members to abduction and imprisonment. Emotional pressure from a victim’s family includes repeatedly telling the victim that the family’s social standing and reputation are at stake, as well as isolating the victim or refusing to speak to her. In more severe cases, the victim can be subject to physical or sexual abuse, including rape. In arranged marriages, the parents and families play a leading role in arranging the marriage, but the individuals getting married can nonetheless chose whether to marry or not. Many regard arranged marriage as a well-established cultural tradition that flourishes in many communities, so a clear distinction should be drawn between forced and arranged marriages. However, in some cases the difference between a forced marriage and an arranged marriage may be purely semantic. In her January 2007 report, â€Å"Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights Aspects of the Victims of Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children,† Sigma Huda states that, â€Å"[a] marriage imposed on a woman not by explicit force, but by subjecting her to relentless pressure and/or manipulation, ften by telling her that her refusal of a suitor will harm her family’s standing in the community, can also be understood as forced. † Prevalence Forced and child marriage mainly affects young women and girls, although there are cases of young men and boys being forced to marry—especially if there are concerns about his sexual orientation. Reliable statistics on forced marriage are difficult to compile due to the unofficial and, therefore, undocumented nature of most forced marriages. In 2003, the International Centre for Research on Women estimated that more than 51 million girls under 18 years were married and they expected the figure to rise to over 100 million within the next ten years. Similarly, in 2006, experts estimated that thirty-eight percent of young women aged 20 to 24 in the fifty least developed countries were married before the age of 18. gt;gt;Learn more Causes and Risk Factors No major world religion sanctions forced marriage. It is purely a cultural practice. However, no culture exclusively practices forced marriage. Victims are forced into marriage for many different reasons. In the  United Kingdom, the Working Group on Forced Marriage found that most cases were a result of â€Å"loving manipulation, where parents genuinely felt that they were acting in their children and family’s best interests. †   To families living in poverty or economic instability, a daughter may be seen as an â€Å"economic burden† who must be married as soon as possible to take financial strain off of the family. Marriage can also be used to settle a debt, or to strengthen family or caste status through social alliances. Fears about sexual activity before marriage, or fear of rumors about such activity ruining a daughter’s opportunity to marry well, also fuel early and forced marriages. gt;gt; Learn more Consequences and Effects Forced and child marriages have severe psychological, emotional, medical, financial, and legal consequences. Victims tend to be isolated from their peers and friends. They rarely have access to social services that could assist them. Early marriages often interrupt a victim’s education. This deprives them of their right to education, as well as limits any possibility of economic independence from their spouse, making it more difficult to escape from an unwanted marriage. The unofficial nature of many of these marriages means that they often go unregistered, leaving a woman with no legal protections in cases of separation. Forced and child marriages are also more likely to become violent because the relationship is based on the power of one spouse over the other. In addition, complications during childbirth are much more common among young mothers. gt;gt;Learn more International and Domestic Law and Policies Numerous international legal instruments prohibit forced and child marriage, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Although most countries have signed onto these documents, many countries have not taken sufficient steps to implement these treaties. In 2005, the Council of Europe adopted  Resolution 1468  on forced marriages and child marriages. However, only a few countries have criminalized forced marriage.

Amazon Experimentation & Testing Strategy †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Amazon Experimentation Testing Strategy? Answer: Introducation Amazon.com, Inc. was founded by Jeff Bezos in 1994. The company is located in Seattle, Washington and is a market leader in the e-commerce industry (Ernest, 2015). Amazon had about $ 136 billion in net revenue in 2016 (Landrecht Zhang, 2016). The company commenced its operations in 1995 when it opened its virtual doors for customers on the web. Further, it was incorporated in 1994 in Washington and also constituted as a legal corporation in Delaware in 1996 (Landrecht Zhang, 2016). The company is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market and uses the symbol AMZN. Amazon is the number one retail company in the world and provides technological infrastructure for businesses that have different business focus and range in size (Dages, et al., 2016). The company offers services to four types of customers that include enterprises, sellers, final consumers, and content creators. Amazon.com retail website is consumer friendly as it provides a wide range of selection, low prices, and the we bsite is easy to use. The internet site also provides convenience as all needs of consumers can be met in one online store. It is important to note that Amazon equally provides a platform for products from different sellers. The platform enables them to access a larger market for their products because of the strength of the Amazon brand (Ernest, 2015). As of 2016, the company employed 341,000 part-time and full-time employees (Lang, et al., 2016). The increase in the number of employees can be attributed to the expansion of operations by Amazon. Amazon.com also makes use of temporary personnel and independent contractors as a supplement to their workforce (Lang, et al., 2016). The number of customers has continued to grow. For instance, almost 50 percent of households in the United States are now subscribed to Amazon Prime, a membership program (Ernest, 2015). Also, 50 percent of all online searches begin directly on Amazon, and the company captures almost one in every 2 dollars spent by Americans online (Ernest, 2015). The market power of Amazon now rivals and exceeds that of Walmart. This can be attributed to the strategies that Amazon has been employing as will be discussed later. The company also has high growth prospects in the next 5years because 20 percent of the United States 3.6 trillion dollars retail market will have mov ed online, and Amazon.com is likely to attract about two-thirds of that market share (Zhu Liu, 2016). Some people have begun to say that Amazon is the Walmart of online retail (Zhu Liu, 2016). The company has become the giant of internet retail because of the strategies it has employed over the years. There are also challenges that like any other business, Amazon will possibly face in the future. But whether the company is well placed to overcome these challenges will determine whether or not the company will sustain its remarkable success. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to critically analyze Amazons strategies, suggest possible challenges that the company may face in future, and come up with potential strategies that Amazon can use to overcome these obstacles. Amazon.Com Strategy Analysis Business activities and strategies play a critical role in the future growth and development of organizations. These business strategies become more essential in case of companies such as Amazon that are doing e-business (Dimar, et al., 2016). Every business entity employs different strategies so as to remain in operation and make profits. Some use strategies that are aimed at maximizing profits while others use customer-centric strategies (Dimar, et al., 2016). An organization may also use more than one strategy to achieve its goals. The objective of this report is to analyze the business strategies of Amazon. The company has employed various strategies since opening its doors and lately Amazon has been focusing on making profits (Ernest, 2015). When Amazon.com was founded in 1994, it was mostly marketed as an online bookstore (Landrecht Zhang, 2016). The companys growth was initially slow, and it did not turn any profit until about seven years after it opened its virtual doors. Amazon started being profitable mainly due to the dot-com bubble and its change of business strategies. The company successfully transformed its corporate-level strategy into acquisitions, mergers, and partnerships (Landrecht Zhang, 2016). Amazon has a marketing strategy that can be attributed to its success as well. The company is customer centric and maintains that the most crucial component of the business are customers. Amazon has been labeled as the most customer-centric company by both its followers and customers (Landrecht Zhang, 2016). Partnership strategy As Amazon flourished, the share price of the company grew and enabled it to partner with and acquire various enterprises that operated in different sectors. For instance, Amazon has partnered with 2nd Watch, 8kMiles, Arcus Global, Drugstore.com, Living.com, Wineshopper.com, Kozmo.com, and Homegrocer.com among others (Klaus, 2015). In most of these partnerships, Amazon bought an equity stake to share in the prosperity of its business partners. Amazon also charges fees for placements on its website. The company equally demanded that publishers pay specific fees for advantageous position to boost books sales on its website (Klaus, 2015). Many of the online companies that Amazon initially partnered with failed between 1999 and 2000, but Amazon was not pulled down by its failing partners because it covered growth potential (Klaus, 2015). Amazon has also been able to strengthen its grip in various sectors by partnering with other companies. It has equally consolidated its strength in vario us sectors by using technology to accelerate the promotion of products and distribution through these partners. Other retailers can sell their products through the internet using Amazons infrastructure and user interface via what the company refers to as Syndicated Stores program (Voigt, et al., 2016). For instance, in the United Kingdom, Waterstones, the largest classic bookstore found competition with online stores challenging and expensive. Waterstones eventually formed a partnership with Amazon where the online retail giant distributes and markets its books for a commission online. Similarly, in the US, Borders makes use of the Amazon merchant platform to distribute its products (Voigt, et al., 2016). Amazon has the same arrangement with Toys R Us, a toy retailer. These partnerships are beneficial to Amazon because it enables the company to expand its customer base into the customers of other suppliers. Also, customers who purchase in one category like books are also attracted i nto buying into categories such as electronics and clothing (Dages, et al., 2016). Amazon Marketplace also enables other retailers and Amazon customers to sell their used and new books as well as other goods apart from the regular categories. Another partnership strategy is the Amazon Merchant program. This program allows third parties that are bigger than the companies that sell through the Amazon Marketplace to distribute their products through Amazon. Amazon, in turn earns sales commissions per unit or fixed fees (Ernest, 2015). This kind of partnership can also enable customers to have a wide variety of products to choose from and conveniently buy them through one checkout process. Amazon has equally formed partnerships with smaller companies via its affiliates program which was launched in 1996 (Ernest, 2015). Experimentation and testing strategy Amazon terms the philosophy of testing and experimentation as Data beats intuition. The company uses automation and experimentations that are real time to personalize its content (Weniger, et al., 2015). This is for the reason that actual behavior of the consumers is the effective way to decide on tactics. The company has an experiments culture of which A/B tests are crucial elements. For instance, Amazon uses A/B tests when deciding on new home page design, different algorithms for recommendations, moving features around the page, as well as changing search relevance rankings (Weniger, et al., 2015). The company usually tests new treatments against prior control treatments for a week or a few days. The system will then randomly indicate treatments to visitors and measure ranging variables like revenue and units by category, length of session, session time among other parameters. The new features are then launched if the metrics that are desired are substantially better statistically (Weniger, et al., 2015). However, tests that are statistical pose a challenge because distributions are not always normal. Another challenge is that since A/B tests are run every day, they may conflict because of overlapping. Also, there are long term effects where some features have positive impacts for the first few weeks and opposite effects where shifting navigations can temporarily degrade performance. The company also finds that the online experience of their users evolve and their online actions change. This implies that Amazon.com has to test its features and evolve continuously. This is also in line with the companys customer-centric strategy (Weniger, et al., 2015). Technology The experimentation and testing strategy as discussed above must be easily supported by technology which can be hard to achieve when management of content is standardized (Mosca, et al., 2015). Amazon has been able to stay competitive by developing the technology it uses internally and with an investment that is significant which in many instances not available for other companies that do not have the needed focus on the online channels (Mosca, et al., 2015). In using their own proprietary technologies, and technologies that are licensed from third parties, the company has implemented many functionalities and features that improve and simplify the experience of customer shopping. It also becomes easy for third parties to sell their products on the Amazons platform, as well as facilitate the companys fulfillment and customer service (Mosca, et al., 2015). Amazons strategy is to place more emphasis on the development efforts and constant innovations by enhancing and creating specialized and unique proprietary technology and to acquire or license technology that is commercially developed for other applications where appropriate and available (Mosca, et al., 2015). The company regularly invests in many technology areas, including the seller platform. For example, A9.com is a subsidiary that is wholly owned by Amazon and is focused on search technology A9.com, as well as other Amazon sites, digital initiatives, and web services. According to (Mosca, et al., 2015), Amazons technology approach can be said to be distributed development and deployment. For instance, the home page Amazon has some content slots or pods that call web services for features. This makes it easy to make changes to the contents in the pods and also where the pods are located on the screen (Mosca, et al., 2015). Amazons website contrary to many sites makes use of flowable page design which allows it to benefit from the real-estate on screen. The company also uses technology that can support many e-retails that are standard. Amazon makes use of application sets for validating and accepting orders made by customers, tracking and placing orders with suppliers, assigning and managing inventory to customer orders, and making certain that products are properly shipped to customers. Amazons transactions processing systems can also handle many different status inquiries, millions of item, requests about wrapping of gifts, and multiple methods of shipment. The systems enable customers to decide whether to receive single or several shipments that are based on availability and to track how each order that has been placed is progressing. Besides, the applications authorize processes such as charging and accepting the credit cards of customers (Mosca, et al., 2015). Future Challenges The internet has made inroads into many facets of our everyday lives. Apart from business information, a lot of personal information is also digitized now and stored in computers that have internet connections. Systems that are internet connected stand a higher risk of destruction or tampering by cyber criminals. Because of the threat of cyber-attacks, internet users are predisposed to privacy threats as marketers use invasive and aggressive tools to collect customer information. Also, with more people embracing internet purchasing, e-retailers will likely face tax challenges too in future. Cyber-attack challenges Online and mobile channels will continue to evolve. It will carve out new markets and bring many opportunities for established organizations like Amazon and new companies (Veroef, 2016). Unfortunately, there will likely be significant disruption to e-commerce payment systems and processes. The anonymous, interconnected, and instantaneous nature of these channels has led to the development of malicious threats that target retail services companies and e-commerce and their customers (Veroef, 2016). Digital fraud and cyber-crime will continue to rapidly evolve with criminals using techniques that are increasingly sophisticated to target vulnerable people, technologies, and processes. If the cyber-crime threats are realized successfully, they have the potential to undermine important digital services, cause severe damage to the image of a brand, and lead to significant operational and financial pain for companies and their customers. The challenges of cyber-crime can also imply that thes e criminals can deface websites and steal data that is valuable from the systems (Veroef, 2016). Taxation Challenges E-commerce has become the new normal because services and goods have shifted to a digital platform from a physical one. Services and commodities have also become digital as they are transacted online. The current laws of taxations could present serious challenges in e-commerce in future, especially transactions that are international in nature (Owen, 2015). Conclusion Online trading has grown, will continue to exist, and will be used extensively in future. E-commerce will likely evolve in future and companies will need to change their strategies if they want to remain competitive. Also, competition in E-commerce is likely to increase in the future because many traditional retail stores will have online platforms. Leading online retailers like Amazon will need to find ways of retaining profitability and sustainable development that is long term. Even though there are challenges in e-commerce, Amazon will overcome these challenges and stay competitive in future because of the innovativeness of the company. Recommendations To prevent cyber-attacks and achieve security objectives, it is imperative to recognize that it is essential to protect customer data and services. Therefore, it is important to have a company-wide security model to protect customers. Consumers also need to be educated on cybersecurity and protection of their personal data and privacy. With regards to taxation challenges, Amazon should collaborate with governments to come up with tax laws that will accurately recognize and deal with e-commerce. References Dages, J., Li, M. Moore, C., 2016. Walmart V. Amazon. The Economist Case Competition, II(6), pp. 12-25. Dimar, K., Kuchar, R. A. Ragas, M. W., 2016. Book Battles: A Strategic Communication Analysis of Amazon.coms Dispute with Hachette Book Group and Authors United. Corporate Strategy, III(7), pp. 12-20. Ernest, J., 2015. Critical Evaluation of how well placed Amazon is to Sustain its Historical Online Retailing. British Journal of Marketing Studies, III(6), pp. 31-42. Klaus, P., 2015. The case of Amazon.com: Toward a conceptual framework of online customer service experience. Journal of Services Marketing, I(8), pp. 16-36. Landrecht, T. Zhang, J., 2016. Amazon.com. Business Strategy, IV(4), pp. 23-45. Lang, S., Tinder, L., Zimmerman, J. Harrison, J. S., 2016. Amazon.com: Offering Everything from A to Z. Journal of Business, I(5), pp. 23-30. Mosca, P., Zhang, Y., Xiao, Z. Wang, Y., 2015. Cloud Security: Services, Risks, and a Case Study on Amazon Cloud Services. Int. J. Communications, Network and System Sciences, IV(16), pp. 7-13. Owen, R., 2015. The Amazon Tax Issue: Washing Away the Requirement of Physical Presence for Sales Tax Jurisdiction over Internt Business. Journal of Law, Technology, and Policy, VII(8), pp. 29-38. Veroef, P. C., 2016. Challenges and Solutions for Marketing in the Digital Era. European Management Journal, II(2), pp. 23-47. Voigt, K.-I., Buliga, O. Michl, K., 2016. Business Model Pioneers: How Innovators Successfully Implement New Business Models. 2nd ed. New York: Springer. Weniger, S., Weiss, T. Loebbecke, C., 2015. Innovating for the Mobile End-User Market: Amazons Kindle 2 Strategy as Emerging Business Model. Corporate Strategy, V(4), pp. 3-16. Zhu, F. Liu, Q., 2016. Competing with Complementors: An Empirical Look at Amazon.com. Journal of International Journals, IV(10), pp. 34-40