Versailles Effect On Germany Essays - Treaty Of Versailles

Versailles Effect On Germany The Treaty of Versailles: Prelude to WWII The Treaty of Versailles was not a justified treaty, which created German feelings of revenge and dislike towards the victorious countries. This feeling of revenge felt by Germany, in addition with the social atmosphere of Europe, led to a Second World War in the September of 1939, just 11 years after the first World War. People at the time published reports on the unfairness of the treaty. America never ratified the treaty but Britain and France still enforced it. Germany had no choice but to sign the unfair document and it was only a matter of time before things turned for the worse. We must examine the background, clauses, and effects of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany and Europe to understand how it helped cause WWII. Then, when you look at the situation the treaty created for Europe, we can see how WWII came about. The war had left Europe in shambles. WWI ended on November 11, 1918, leaving millions of European soldiers dead and injured. Large areas of Belgium and France had been devastated and two of Europes most powerful countries, Germany and Austria-Hungary, were defeated and exhausted. All the European countries were now bankrupt from the cost of waging a war for four years. Germany had not been defeated, but knew that if it continued to fight war against the strong American army, defeat in Berlin would result. Because Germany had surrendered, her only option was to either sign the treaty, or else go back to war again, which would inevitably result in defeat. The Treaty was unexpectedly harsh, though, despite the fact Germany hadnt been defeated, she had merely surrendered. Germany was forced to agree that it was guilty of starting the war. This clause was the most insulting and damaging clause for it blatantly and wrongly accused Germany of being the sole cause of war, and this enabled the other clauses to be severe as she was now to pay for the whole of WWI. The second clause was that Germany had to disarm. The effects of this clause were: the army was to be limited to 100,000 men; conscription and much prided submarines and aircraft (the allies thought that without an air force Germany couldnt ever go to war) were to be banned; the navy was limited to six battleships (no Dreadnoughts); and the Rhineland was to become a demilitarized- zone. This was emotional for the Germans since they had had such a strong army and were forced to sink their prided Dreadnoughts. This emotional loss created resentment towards the allies and was the first clause for Hitler to undo. The reparation clause was an unjust clause, for the amount was excessively much, as said by many people at the time. Germany had to pay severe reparations, imposed to help the damaged countries rebuild after the war, at the amount of $5 billion due May 1, 1921.9 The leading British economist, John Maynard Keynes, published a book, before the increase in reparations to $32.5 billion by 1963, warning that the treaties would prevent the European economy recovering from the war damage. Germany had hardly enough money to pay the original amount, and, inevitably, great inflation occurred, destroying the economy and causing unemployment and starvation. Furthermore, another clause of the treaty was that the territory of Germany had to be greatly reduced. Britain and France had been malicious and were shortsighted by demanding Germanys money while taking away the territory that could provide the money. In this clause Germany lost 13% of its territory, containing 7.3 million people, and all of her overseas colonies, ending her empire. Germany had lost her main coal producing territories of Upper Silesia and the Saarland. In 1913, 139 million tons of coal were used in Germany for railroads, utilities, fuel, and agriculture; the Saarland and Upper Silesia had accounted for 60.8 million tons of this. With more than half of Germanys coal taken away, they didnt have enough coal to power the populated industrial country. With industry destroyed there was no way they could pay the reparations. Germany had made proposals dealing with the territorial decisions and reparations; they were willing to give up Alsace-Lorraine

Free Essays on Relationshop With Macbeth And Lady Macbeth

â€Å"Discuss the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. How does it change and why? To what extent is their relationship the engine that drives the tragedy?† In Shakespeare’s tragedy, Macbeth, the characters and the roles they play are critical to its plot and theme. Many of the characters, especially Macbeth, and his wife, Lady Macbeth are well developed and very complex. The relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth is a very strange one that involves many elements of death, deceit and corruption. As the play progresses, their relationship changes and their roles are essentially switched. The relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth is a very important factor in Macbeth, because with out Lady Macbeth’s strong influence on her husband, Macbeth would not have acted and made some of the decisions he did. Lady Macbeth plays a significant role in influencing Macbeth to choose the path that he does. She plays the dominant character throughout the opening scenes, in which she asserts her ambition for her and her husband to gain hierarchic status. They seem to have great concern for each other, as illustrated when Macbeth races to tell Lady Macbeth about his encounter with the witches. When she hears the news, she immediately begins plotting how to gain her husbands desire to be king. â€Å"Lady Macbeth’s immediate reaction to the prophecy is to try to occupy, immediately, the promised future, as if the consequential moment of tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow could somehow be finessed: ‘ They letters have transported me beyond/ This ignorant present, and I feel now/ The Future in the instant.’(I. V. 55-7)† (Danson, pg. 123) At this point Lady Macbeth is portrayed as the resolute strong women, while Macbeth is portrayed as her indecisive, cowardly husband. It is fair to say that Macbeth does have ambition, but at this point in the play, his conscience is stronger than ambition. Lady Macbeth is ... Free Essays on Relationshop With Macbeth And Lady Macbeth Free Essays on Relationshop With Macbeth And Lady Macbeth â€Å"Discuss the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. How does it change and why? To what extent is their relationship the engine that drives the tragedy?† In Shakespeare’s tragedy, Macbeth, the characters and the roles they play are critical to its plot and theme. Many of the characters, especially Macbeth, and his wife, Lady Macbeth are well developed and very complex. The relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth is a very strange one that involves many elements of death, deceit and corruption. As the play progresses, their relationship changes and their roles are essentially switched. The relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth is a very important factor in Macbeth, because with out Lady Macbeth’s strong influence on her husband, Macbeth would not have acted and made some of the decisions he did. Lady Macbeth plays a significant role in influencing Macbeth to choose the path that he does. She plays the dominant character throughout the opening scenes, in which she asserts her ambition for her and her husband to gain hierarchic status. They seem to have great concern for each other, as illustrated when Macbeth races to tell Lady Macbeth about his encounter with the witches. When she hears the news, she immediately begins plotting how to gain her husbands desire to be king. â€Å"Lady Macbeth’s immediate reaction to the prophecy is to try to occupy, immediately, the promised future, as if the consequential moment of tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow could somehow be finessed: ‘ They letters have transported me beyond/ This ignorant present, and I feel now/ The Future in the instant.’(I. V. 55-7)† (Danson, pg. 123) At this point Lady Macbeth is portrayed as the resolute strong women, while Macbeth is portrayed as her indecisive, cowardly husband. It is fair to say that Macbeth does have ambition, but at this point in the play, his conscience is stronger than ambition. Lady Macbeth is ...

Nutrition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Nutrition - Essay Example On the other hand, a poor one has the potential of injuring health and leading to deficiency diseases such as kwashiorkor and scurvy and also threatening conditions like osteoporosis, obesity and diabetes. This paper will research on nutrition and the implications of both poor and proper diets. Gardner and Halweil (2000) opine that a good health goes beyond the absence of disease and reflects a positive quality of physical, emotional, intellectual, spiritual and social well being. Only an optimum nutrition that provides all the essential amount and type of nutrients can achieve good health. The food people consume and their constituent nutrients are the most significant, long-term environmental factors that influence their health, development, growth and functional abilities (Zoellner, Bounds & Yadrick, 2009). Nutritional knowledge, especially including education for health professionals and the general public, is critical if the rate of premature mortality and morbidity must be redu ced significantly from the primary killer diseases. The way people structure their lives with proper health habits, nutrition and regular exercise will cut down on chronic diseases and medical expenditure. Depending on the quantities required by the body, the six classes of nutrients may further be categorized into either micronutrients or macronutrients (Bolin, Caplan, & Holyday, 2010). The body requires macronutrients in large amounts and they include proteins, carbohydrates, water and fats. The body uses lipids to build cell membranes, and amino acids are essential for the formation of proteins while carbohydrates and fats are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen molecules. Vitamins and minerals fall under micronutrients. Apart from water and the fibrous content of food, all macronutrients provide the body with structural material and energy (Bolin, Caplan, & Holyday, 2010). This is the energy used to carry out all the activities of the body and the essential support of life. A dditionally, proteins are used in the repair and formation of tissue as well as various hormones and chemicals. Water is essential in eliminating the waste products of metabolism. Every food consumed has a direct impact on a person’s health. Certain levels of variation in quantities will lead to nutritional disease, which can be defined as disease or condition related to nutrition. The variations may include both excesses and deficiencies in one’s diet. Poor or unbalanced diets, and hence bad nutrition, cause developmental abnormalities and worsen chronic diseases. For instance, research has shown that diets high in sugar, sodium and saturated fat adversely affect health and well being (Bolin, Caplan, & Holyday, 2010). Such a diet places the consumer at a high risk of developing diseases such as cancers, diabetes, heart diseases and hypertension. On the other hand, nutritionists recommend diets high in fiber, calcium, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. Such diets hav e the potential to reduce chances of most diseases by up to 80 percent. The research confirms that unhealthy eating habits are the leading causes of disease and disability as well as loss of independence. More significantly, the use (or abuse) of alcohol and tobacco should strictly be avoided, especially for persons with pre-existing conditions

Personal Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Personal Identity - Essay Example Subsequently, he pragmatically thought over the concept of knowledge and language formulation, the core of which shall be discussed hereunder. According to Locke, what we know is always properly understood as the relation between ideas (the learned concepts of experienced reality), and in the said essay, he explained at length the stance that all of our ideation is a consequence of personal identity. The outcome of this objective method is that the human mind seems to get somewhat undermined in its abilities. While describing the domains of human capabilities in terms of knowledge, ideas and the like, he endeavors to challenge certain basic and traditional norms of communication, language and interaction constructs (Noonan, 1989). Here, the issue of contention is the fact as to how Locke tackles the term of 'bodily'. Locke describes or rather differentiates the qualities of bodily identity into two divisions: primary and secondary. The primary attributes deal with those traits of an entity, which forms its existence - the integral constituents of the object. However, the secondary attributes are those, which are qualified by our perceptual reality and which may be taken in a relative term depending upon the observer. The primary/secondary quality distinction gets us a certain ways in understanding physical objects, but Locke is puzzled about what underlies or supports the basic qualities themselves. He is also puzzled about what material and immaterial bodily functions might have in common that would lead us to apply the same explanation to both. On the significant role played by nature in the behavior of man, both these opinions interject. Though nature has been a sort of subjective reality for the sake of many philosophers, yet these two have come to the same resolution. Thus it can be said that the role of nature can never be undermined. What has been naturally created in the form of man by nature (and in effect God), can never be put away from its core. Nature is as close to man as man himself, because he is a product of the former. Such contemplations gave him the impetus to coin the relative and obscure idea of physicality in general. He referred to the ever dynamic use of the word 'bodily'. Locke claims that the mind supports the bodily qualities - these may be as infinite as one can imagine. For understanding of concepts, he believed, simply information about the object was not enough. There had to be some linkages in the information that we receive in clusters. These linkages had to be the essence of understanding the concept to its fullest. This is a result of the fact that he himself cannot purport a rationale for the existence of tropes (tropes are properties that can exist independently of bodily). Hence, he could not use of a concept in lieu of 'bodily'. He seems extremely cautious about our limitations of the ideas of bodily. He has been understandably criticized for blowing this debate out of proportion, yet the importance that he appreciates within this concept is what produces the entire basis for his conviction. It troubled Locke to consider this as being something without having any properties - this in effect would be unscientific and hence impossible according to the doctrine presented by him (Parfit, 1987). He attempts to give ideas of simple modes, mixed modes, relations

Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Democracy - Essay Example With that being said, what makes democracy American to start with? First, democracy is â€Å"a political system or form of government† of the people living in a specified territorial ground which it also protects. Undoubtedly, â€Å"it runs with promulgated rules and laws† that are embedded in a constitution which people have to abide with. Second, sovereignty rests on the people therefore they are given the â€Å"right of suffrage or the right to vote†. (â€Å"What is democracy?†, 2004) This also means that major decisions and issues must be thrown to the electorate to decide. Within this context, the â€Å"majority rule† is followed. Thirdly, democracy is always directed to work for the â€Å"common good of the society† covering the fields of education, food, shelter, environment protection, safety and order. Fourthly, democracy always considers the respect for the dignity of man and his personal freedoms such as freedom of religion, freedo m of expression, among others. Learning from the above, what else does not work with democracy? According to the International IDEA : â€Å"The relationship between democracy and development is the key challenge.

Ludwig Van Beethoven And Sonatas Music Essay

Ludwig Van Beethoven And Sonatas Music Essay Ludwig van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany on 16th December 1770 and died in Vienna, Austria on 26th March 1827. He was one of the famous classical composers of all time. He was also known as a pianist. Beethoven composed 32 piano sonatas for the piano. One of the piano sonatas that will be analyzed in this thesis is the Piano Sonata in c minor, Op.13 which is named as Pathetique. Ludwig van Beethoven composed the Piano Sonata in c minor, Op.13 Pathetique in 1798. This piece was dedicated to Prince Karl Lichnowsky. This piano sonata has three movements. This sonata was the earliest Beethoven sonatas to be famous and this sonata was first published in Vienna, Austria. The first movement, Grave, then Allegro molto con brio, the key signature is c minor and the time signature is in 4/4 time. According to Elterlein, E. V. (1920), This movement portrays his characteristics, a lifelike picture of manly, painful, earnest and passionate emotion. Here and there, fire breaks out, in a marked rhythm, but only to be immediately quenched. There are several modulations in this movement which are from c minor to eƆ¦ minor to Db major to f minor and back to c minor. The second movement, Adagio cantabile, the key signature is Ab major and the time signature is in 3/4 time. Elterlein, E. V. (1920) also said that this movement is much more peaceful than the first movement and is well expressed in the sustained singing theme. The third movement, Rondo allegro, the key signature is c minor and the time signature is in 4/4 time. It gives completeness to the whole. The author also said that The storm which swept through the soul in the first movement has subsided. This movement ends with a satisfactory conclusion. This piano sonata portrays Beethovens emotions and characteristics when he was composing this piano sonata. 1.2 Background of Study Ludwig van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany on 16th December 1770. He died in Vienna, Austria on 26th March 1827. During that time, there were two great composers who were still living which were Mozart and Haydn. Music at that time was the form of entertainment for many people. But in this modern era, music still remains as one of the form of entertainment too. According to Knight, F. (1973), the author said He is also known as a German composer of Flemish descent. He is the son and grandson of musicians at the court of the Elector of Cologne at Bonn. His grandfather, Louise van Beethoven was a court musician in Bonn in 1733 but eventually became the Kapellmeister but his grandfather spent most of his time running a wine business. Johann, his son, Beethovens father was a teacher and a singer at a chapel. He was an alcoholic. He married Beethovens mother, Maria Magdalena in 1767. Ludwig van Beethoven was their second child because their first child died in infancy. His grandfather died when he was three years old. His father taught him to play the harpsichord and the violin just as soon as Beethoven fingers were long enough to play the instruments. His father wanted him to be the next Mozart. So he made him practice hard. Beethovens did not have a happy childhood. When he was eight years old, he started lessons with other teachers besides his father. C.G. Neefe was the court organist and a composer. He was the best teacher to Beethoven from 1779 to 1782 because he taught him to play Bachs forty-eight Preludes and Fugues and composition. He was appointed as court organist when he was about thirteen years old. In 1787, Beethoven went to Vienna, Austria for the first time and it was not a long visit because he had to get back to Bonn to see his mother who was seriously ill. He was so depress when she died. After his mothers death, his home was never well managed and Beethoven always looked untidy. When he was seventeen years old, Beethoven had to look after his family because his father was in a wretched state. Part of his salary was given to Beethoven and this made life easier for Beethoven and his brothers. The van Breuning family is close friends of Beethoven throughout his life. His violin teacher, Franz Anton Reis and the young Count Waldstein helped him in various ways. Beethoven was also very fortunate to have an Elector who loved to spend his time listening to music. Bonn had been invaded by the French armies in 1794. In 1792, Beethoven left Bonn for the last time and he never returned. He travelled to Vienna, Austria. It was also possible that he went to Vienna after being persuaded by Haydn. After arriving in Vienna, Beethoven realized that Vienna has a different musical atmosphere. In Vienna there are more churches, theatres and court compared to Bonn. They are attended by the citys large population. He was busy studying for some years in composition because he always found composing hard and stressful. According to Sadie, S. (1967), the author said that among the earliest of his compositions which are still played today are the three piano sonatas, Op.2, which he dedicated to Haydn. In these we can see how this strong-willed, defiant young mans personality comes out in his music. After completing the Piano Concerto in B flat, he left Vienna for a few months due to a tour. He went to musical centres of Europe which were Prague, Leipzig, Berlin, Budapest and Pressburg. During his journey, he met Prince Lichnowsky who became one of his greatest friends and was also travelling with him. He dedicated one of his finest piano sonatas to Prince Lichnowsky, the Pathetique. In 1798, he started to lose his hearing. He was becoming deaf which is the most painful and terrible fate for a musician. The deafness did not stop him from composing because he had his perfect inner ear as he was a trained and skilled musician. He could hear the sound just by looking at the score. In 1799 and 1800 were the years that he realized that his hearing was deteriorating. He only told two of his closest friends, Franz Wegeler and Karl Amenda of his sickness. He tried various treatments but they all seemed to make him feel worse. Beethovens musical style began to change. There are three periods which can be seen in his life and works. As he was in his thirties, his music began to acquire new and deeper qualities. This was the middle period. His career can be divided into three periods which are the classic period models, the revolutionary pieces which expanded the music vocabulary and compositions which are written in a unique way with elements of contrapuntal, variations and with complete freedom. His pieces became longer, deeper and more expressive. In his last years, he had to carry all his conversations in writing because he became completely deaf by that time. 1.3 Literature Review A few textbooks about music theory were read in order to understand the field of the research. After reading a few of them, it can be seen that a few books say some things which are similar and some things which are different. For example, Willson, R. B. (2009) textbook titled An Introduction to Music Studies gave a brief introduction about music theory and analysis. The book talks about analysis that can be helpful for the performers, it can help us develop our listening skills, give us a mental representation of music and try to understand what the composers did in the past. Theory on the other hand provides a framework for analysis but it did not explain about the analysis of form and rhythm like the other book which is the Dale, C. (2003). The book which was written by Dale, C. (2003) titled Music Analysis in Britain in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, talks about musical analysis of form and rhythm. In the analysis of form chapter, the author explains about ternary and bi nary forms. This chapter also explains on how two of these forms create a larger form such as sonata and rondo. Both these books are helpful in this thesis because it helped in identifying the forms and teaches a person to analyze a score but the Dale, C. (2003) book did not describe about how to develop our listening skills or give us a mental representation of music and also how to understand what the composers did in the past. Another textbook which is Kostka, S. Payne, D. C. (1984) titled Tonal Harmony: With an Introduction to Twentieth Century Music is about music theory and harmony. The authors said that Harmony is defined as the sound that results when two or more pitches are performed simultaneously. It is the vertical aspect of music, produced by the combination of the components of the horizontal aspect. It also describes the elements of pitch and rhythm. It also introduces and teaches us triads, seventh chords, diatonic chords in major and minor keys, voice leading notes, 4 part writing, harmonic progression, non-chord tones, diatonic seventh chords, augmented sixths, neapoliton chords, binary and ternary forms, modulation techniques and enharmonic modulations. However, this textbook did not discuss about the Sonata form, slow movement form and the Rondo form which will be used throughout this entire thesis. But this book can be use as a reference to understand the basics of theory music. A book from Caplin, W. E. (1998) titled Classical Form: A Theory of Formal Functions for the Instrumental Music of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven contains all the information which is needed for this thesis. This book explained about the sonata form in one chapter which consists of the exposition, development and recapitulation. Then there is the slow movement form in another chapter in the book which is usually found in a piano sonatas second movement such as the Beethovens Piano Sonata in c minor, Op.13 Pathetique and it is also known to combine the transition and subordinate theme or can also reduce the size of the development section. Then there is a chapter explaining the rondo form too in the book such as the rondo form is known to have two main types which are the five part rondo and the sonata rondo. The ones that will be used in the thesis are the sonata form, slow movement form and the sonata rondo form to analyze the piano sonata in this thesis. However there are other books which also contains the same information as this book but there are still some differences between them. Green, D. M. (1979) titled Form in Tonal Music: An Introduction to Analysis wrote a book about an introduction to analysis. The author also discusses about the sonata form which is what this thesis wants. The author also told some history about how the sonata form came to being such as the term sonata was usually used for works performed by one or two players only. Then the sonata form was explain just like the book written by Caplin, W. E. (1998) in his chapter of sonata form because Green, D. M. (1979) also explained about the sonata form which must have the exposition, development and recapitulation sections in order to form a sonata form in a piano sonata. He also said that it is usually in the first movement of the piano sonata. His book On the other hand, Rosen, C. (1988) titled Sonata Forms also wrote about the sonata form and said that the first movement sonata form is one of the most complex and very organized series of forms due to the eighteenth century composers who had the tendency to put a great weight on the opening movement which often results to most dramatic structures. The author only briefly explained the sonata form unlike in the books of Caplin, W. E. (1998) and Green, D. M. (1979) but it also helped in giving some information for this thesis. It was easier to understand and the explanation of the sonata form was shorter than the other two books which are mentioned. Schoenberg, A. (1967) titled Fundamentals of Musical Composition also discusses about those forms such as Sonata form consists of three large scales of functions which are the exposition, developments, and recapitulations. Slow movements are constructed in conventional sonata form. There are a few types of rondo forms such as ABACA, ABACADA, ABACABA. But most of the time it can be situated in one of the two main categories which is the five part rondo (ABACA) and the sonata rondo (ABACABA). He did not discuss about the slow movement form which is also going to be used in this thesis in chapter three. There are books which gives descriptions on what the piano sonata sounds like by describing it like a story and what the mood is like in the piece. Beethovens Pianoforte Sonatas: Explained for the Lovers of the Musical Art by Elterlein, E. V. (1920) book describe about the piano sonata like a story. For example, the author describes the first movement by writing that it is one of the composers primary character and when the allegro molto con brio starts the author said that it was like a lava stream that burst out of its bound and charges to the front which no one is able to stop it. The description was very story like and it was easy to understand the mood of the movements in the piano sonata. Fischer, E. (1959) writes about his opinion about this piano sonata in his Beethovens Pianoforte Sonatas: A Guide for Students Amateurs. The author said that the first movement of this piano sonata is like a symphonic work and the last movement is not suitable with the first two. But the second movement was perfect. Dimond, P. (1995) book titled The Art of Beethoven: Volume I is about the piano sonata that is going to be analyzed in this thesis. The first movement starts with Grave, then Allegro molto con brio. It begins in the key of c minor and the time signature is 4/4 time. The second movement is Adagio cantabile. It begins in the key of Ab major and the time signature is 3/4 time. The third movement is a Rondo. It begins in Rondo Allegro and is back in c minor. The time signature is 4/4 time. The book also contains a brief analysis of the three movements of the piano sonata. These books are somewhat similar to one another but also at the same time different because although the y are describing the same piano sonata they describe it in their own way. However, Kreskys book only has some movements of certain piano sonatas which he had analyze. Tonal Music: Twelve Analytic Studies by Kresky, J. (1977) only analyze the second movement of the piano sonata in this thesis. This book is also very useful in chapter three because in this research there is an analysis for the second movement of this piano sonata. Lives of the Great Composers which was written by a few authors but Latham, P. (1943) wrote on a chapter of Beethoven in the book. It is about Beethovens life. It is a biography book about when the composer was born and where he was born. The author also explains the composers life in Bonn, who were his music teacher, when he went to Vienna and stayed there and until he died. Other books which are similar to Latham, P. (1943) book are Solomon, M. (1978) titled Beethoven which also describes about the composers life, The Great Composers: Beethoven written by Sadie, S. (1967), The Master Musicians: Beethoven written by Scott, M. M. (1934), The Stream of Music written by Leonard, R. A. (1967), Thayers Life of Beethoven: Volume I written by Krehbiel, H. (1949), Beethoven: Biography of a Genius written by Merek, G. R. (1969), and Beethoven and the Age of Revolution written by Knight, F. (1973). These books are mostly about Ludwig van Beethovens life, personality, hardships, romance, when he started losing his hearing and when his works were composed. Ludwig van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany on 16th December 1770 and he died in Vienna, Austria on the 26th March 1827. He was a man who gets angry easily, untidy, and difficult to understand. He wrote 32 piano sonatas, 9 symphonies, and so on. He composed the Piano Sonata in c minor, Op.13 Pathetique in 1798 and it was during that time that he noticed he was going deaf. He had a few very close friends and they stayed by his side even though sometimes there are conflicts between them. All these biography books were read in order to understand Beethoven and his music. After reading all of them, it became easier to understand Beethovens characteristics and how his music evolved through the years. In this thesis, Taub, R. (2002) book helped a lot. His book title is Playing the Beethoven Piano Sonatas. It is one of the performance practice books that are found in the University of Malayas main library. He wrote about his opinion on how he thinks this piano sonata should be interpreted. For example, he said that in order to play and effective fp the pianist should depress the keys fast to create forte, then immediately allows the sound to rise so that the sound can be immediately become soft. This information from the author is very helpful in this thesis in chapter four. The piano is the main instrument which is used most in this thesis because the analysis of this thesis is related to the piano. The Pianoforte written by Clutton, C. (1969) is a small chapter from a book titled Musical Instruments through the Ages which is edited by Anthony Baines. The chapter explains about the history of the piano about how it was created and who first created it. The piano was later developed a lot during the classical period. The piano became well known after Mozart started composing music for the piano in the 1770s. Another two similar books which is about the piano are The Piano: A History by Ehrlich, C. (1976) and Keyboard Interpretation: from the 14th to the 19th Century by Ferguson, H. (1975). The touch, fingering, tones, musical types and forms, and pianist problems are very important and must be solved in order to interpret the music successfully. This is related to one of the objectives in this thesis because over the years the piano is always being devel oped in the 18th century until now. So a brief history of the piano should be included in this thesis so that everyone who read this thesis can understand how the piano was made and why different pianos create different sounds. Pedalling techniques are sometimes different on the pianos that the pianists are playing. It will be discussed further in chapter four. 1.4 Objectives There are a few objectives which need to be achieved in doing this topic besides fulfilling my graduation requirement which are: To examine the performance practice of Beethovens early/ middle/ late sonata on todays grand piano but this thesis will only focus on one of his early piano sonata. To analyze the movements and the way it should be played on todays grand piano because during the time of Beethoven, they used a different style and technique to approach this piano sonata. This thesis will help the readers who read this to play the piano sonata if they are having difficulty in understanding how it should be played. To analyze the recording of a few musicians playing this piano sonata whether they are playing similarly or different than what it is written on the score and also to see which pianist piano playing is best to be learnt from. Comparing the urtext edition score and another publisher score to see which version is best. 1.5 Methodology The method that will be applied in this research is mainly on researching secondary resources, surfing through the internet and visiting the libraries which can be gain accessed and permission. In order to understand the field that is chosen, a lot of secondary resources is needed which are books, articles from journals, e journals and thesis. Those secondary resources helped picked the topic and title for this thesis. By going to the University of Malayas main library and also borrowed some of the lecturers books, it can be found that a book titled Classical Form: A Theory of Formal Functions for the Instrumental Music of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven by William Earl Caplin are very useful for this thesis. There is also an article titled The Paradox of Musical Analysis from the Journal of Music Theory which was written by Mark DeBellis which was found in the University of Malayas main library in the journal section. This article gave a brief idea on how the thesis should begin and h ow to start the musical analysis. All the methods which were mentioned will be carried out towards the end of the research because getting more information is very important for this research. The books in the University of Malayas main library also have many biography books of the composer, Ludwig van Beethoven which is in the research. Books which were written by Knight, F., Latham, P., Solomon, M., Sadie, S., Scott, M.M., Leonard, R.A., Krehbiel, H., Merek, G.R. and others all talked about Beethovens life, hardships, compositions that he composed, challenges that he faced and his sickness. The books had many different styles in describing his life, hardships, compositions and challenges. These books can help in the thesis while it is being done because they are like guide books of Beethovens life on what he had done and achieved. Books which are related to performance practice are also used in this thesis are also found in the University of Malayas main library. A book which was written by Taub, R. was about how to play the Beethovens sonata. This book interprets how a Beethoven sonata should be played by the author. A book which was written by Ferguson, H. and Marshall, R. L. will also be used for this thesis. All these books are related to what is being analyzed in this thesis. After finding all the secondary resources for data and understanding them which are related to the thesis, the topic and title of the thesis can now begin analyzing. The scores which are taken from two types of publications will be analyzed. The first analysis is by analyzing the piano sonatas movements such as modulations, dynamics, articulations, pedal points and others. The second analysis is by comparing both editions of the scores which are from different publications to see whether there are similarities or differences. The third analysis is to analyze a video of a pianist who uses one of those editions in interpreting his or her playing of the Beethoven piano sonata on the grand piano. In order to get information for the research, there are many sources that can be access easily through the internet. For example, the JSTOR database and MUSE database. These websites can be accessed for references and articles from journals for the research. With the use of internet, it is also possible to purchase a book through the internet in amazon.com that cannot possibly be purchase in any of Malaysias bookstores. There are books which are sometimes not available in Malaysia because the bookstores in Malaysia did not order them. It is also because those books are not so suitable to everyone. The books are usually bought by musicians and people who want to gain more music knowledge. The internet can also be use to view videos of famous pianist playing the piano sonata. The videos can be easily viewed in Youtube.com. By observing them through the videos, a comparison can be made on which pianist plays the piano sonata better and also which edition of the score is being interprete d the most. All these will be done in chapter two, three and four. A CD will be provided with this thesis for this piano sonata. The CD contains two pianists who play the same piano sonata which is Beethovens Piano Sonata in c minor, Op.13 Pathetique.

Words Expose the Soul :: Writing Education Language Essays

Words Expose the Soul When I was a freshman at Bemidji State I lived in the dorms. My roommates name was Chad. He had a girlfriend who attend Moorhead State. Her name was Jodi. I didn't get a chance to meet Jodi until very late in the year, around February. But up until that time, I had gotten to know her very well. The thing was that since they lived so far apart they didn't call each other until late at night. Most of the time, when she called, Chad wasn't there. It was actually quite ironic, Jodi's roommate was a girl that I graduated with. This led to many conversations, many that over a half an hour. I had seen pictures of her so I knew what she looked like, but I was starting to get a picture of what she was like as a person. I did this through observation of her tone of voice in certain situation, word usage, and overall temperament. By temperament I mean was she happy, sad, or confused in general. All of this gave me a pretty good idea as to what kind of person she was. One day in February I had the opportunity to find out exactly what she like. She came to visit Chad, and stay the night. This gave us a chance to talk face to face. It was very funny, because she was exactly like I thought she would be. I couldn't believe that I had gotten all of this information about her just by listening to the way that she talked. Some might say that a situation like this and one in where you read something are totally different, but I believe that they are very similar. Reading a piece of writing by a person that you do not personally know is the same as having a conversation with a person over the telephone that you have never met before. In both cases you try to get to know the person better by the words that they use. The means of communication makes no difference. One of the main difference between the reading and listening, though, is that when you listen to a person you can detect inflections and tones that a person uses while talking. When you read you have to rely on the author to provide you with the voice of the characters or maybe even himself.

International Business Essay

1. Summarize the globalization debate. What are the major interest groups in the world economy? How are they affected by different elements of globalization? 2. Who benefits and who loses from a shift in jobs to low-wage economies? Consider this question from the perspective of consumers, labour, technological change, firms, nation-states. Are the net benefits likely to be positive? 3. Identify and evaluate the sources of conflict between pressures on companies to operate globally and the desire of governments to regulate companies and activities within their borders. 4. Account for the existence of counter trade in the world economy and explore the view that its influence will continue as a solution to the problem developing countries face when attempting to export to western markets? 5. Analyze the likely impact on domestic markets of import restrictions via tariffs and quotas respectively. Discuss the dynamic side effects that can arise from import protection. 6. In the light of the strategic significance of price discrimination between cross-border markets to firms, evaluate the merits of anti-dumping measures. 7. Outline the static and dynamic effects of a customs union and explain why regional integration blocs composed of small economies are unlikely to be economically beneficial. 8. Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the joint venture over licensing as a foreign market entry mode. Describe scenarios when licensing might be the preferable one of the two entry modes. 9. International franchising is often regarded as a low-risk foreign market entry strategy. Does this view fully reflect the attraction of international franchising as a market entry mode? 10. Under what circumstances would a BOT system make sense as an international marketing strategy?

Free Essays on The Symbolism In “To His Coy Mistress“

The Symbolism in â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† We all have the choice either to take advantage of time or allow time to take advantage of us. This choice has been a struggle for everyone in some point in their lifetime. It has also been a topic in many literary pieces, for example this idea is presented in â€Å"To His Coy Mistress†, a poem by Andrew Marvell. In this poem, the opportunity of living life to the fullest or choosing to waste your time is supplied through symbolism. According to Webster’s Dictionary and Thesaurus symbolism is, â€Å"conveying impressions by suggestion rather than by direct statements†(â€Å"symbolism†). Using symbolism to express ideas makes it possible to visualize things that are not usually perceived, and in this case it makes time seem almost visible. Time is symbolized through a lover attempting to seduce a mistress, â€Å"a lady to whom courtesy and courtly convention and erotic longing attribute a superordinate status, a power to command†(Atlantic), into having a sexual relationship with him. The idea that time is running out is expressed throughout the poem, as the lover uses this excuse for wanting that sort of relationship so urgently. The very first line, â€Å"Had we but world enough, and time†(1) brings out the focus of time directly. It is then reinforced through hyperbole in the following phrases such as â€Å"A hundred years should go to praise / Thine eyes, and on thy forehead gaze; / Two hundred to adore each breast, / But thirty thousand to the rest; / An age at least to every part†(13-17). These lines symbolize the lack of time the lover has to show his mistress the love she is worthy of, â€Å"For, Lady, you deserve this state†(19). He tries to make her feel exceptional, so that he can seduce her into making love with him. Marvell then continues on to symbolize the lack of time using other literary devices. Running out of time is shown in several descriptive ways. For example, the pe... Free Essays on The Symbolism In â€Å"To His Coy Mistressâ€Å" Free Essays on The Symbolism In â€Å"To His Coy Mistressâ€Å" The Symbolism in â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† We all have the choice either to take advantage of time or allow time to take advantage of us. This choice has been a struggle for everyone in some point in their lifetime. It has also been a topic in many literary pieces, for example this idea is presented in â€Å"To His Coy Mistress†, a poem by Andrew Marvell. In this poem, the opportunity of living life to the fullest or choosing to waste your time is supplied through symbolism. According to Webster’s Dictionary and Thesaurus symbolism is, â€Å"conveying impressions by suggestion rather than by direct statements†(â€Å"symbolism†). Using symbolism to express ideas makes it possible to visualize things that are not usually perceived, and in this case it makes time seem almost visible. Time is symbolized through a lover attempting to seduce a mistress, â€Å"a lady to whom courtesy and courtly convention and erotic longing attribute a superordinate status, a power to command†(Atlantic), into having a sexual relationship with him. The idea that time is running out is expressed throughout the poem, as the lover uses this excuse for wanting that sort of relationship so urgently. The very first line, â€Å"Had we but world enough, and time†(1) brings out the focus of time directly. It is then reinforced through hyperbole in the following phrases such as â€Å"A hundred years should go to praise / Thine eyes, and on thy forehead gaze; / Two hundred to adore each breast, / But thirty thousand to the rest; / An age at least to every part†(13-17). These lines symbolize the lack of time the lover has to show his mistress the love she is worthy of, â€Å"For, Lady, you deserve this state†(19). He tries to make her feel exceptional, so that he can seduce her into making love with him. Marvell then continues on to symbolize the lack of time using other literary devices. Running out of time is shown in several descriptive ways. For example, the pe...

Freedom and Authority in the Tempest Essays

Freedom and Authority in the Tempest Essays Freedom and Authority in the Tempest Paper Freedom and Authority in the Tempest Paper It proves the situation the sailors have been left in. You can almost describe the sailors as being confined from the rest of the island by their own sleep. Another element of this imprisonment is the fact that Prospero and Miranda are trapped on the island, they are unable to go anywhere else safely. They were as good as given the death penalty when they were put on a rotten carcass of a butt, not rigged, nor tackle, sail, nor mast. But their arrival on the island cannot be seen as them being given their freedom, as they are restricted to the island, unable to go anywhere, like being given a prison sentence to life on the island. Miranda does not, however see herself as being imprisoned, because that is how she had been brought up and would not have known any difference although in reality she is confined and deprived. The further implications of this confinement to the island are clearly seen later on in Mirandas remarks upon seeing Ferdinand for the first time. It carries a brave form. But tis a spirit A thing divine, for nothing natural I ever saw so noble. , this is not because Ferdinand is so incredibly handsome, but because he is the first man, bar her father than Miranda can ever remember seeing, which means that any other human is going to be beautiful to her. Similarly the implications of this entrapment on the island is visible in Prospero by his ever-growing sense of wanting power. Following his banishment from his Dukedom he is reluctant to let go of Miranda to another man an in turn uses Ferdinand as his slave, showing he is unwilling to have another human being on the island without them under his authority. Or this can be seen as the caring father scared for his confused teenage daughter to get hurt, as he probably well knows what it feels like to be betrayed or cheated by someone close to you, in Prosperos case, Antonio.

Is torture ever Acceptable Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Is torture ever Acceptable - Essay Example The paper tells that the idea of torturing someone takes one to guess the account of investigative authorities. Torture is mostly done for the purpose of getting useful information which might be involved with a crime. Avid investigation through the aid of torture can lead to help saving lives and property. But at the same time, torturing someone who is not aware of the desired information will be an illegal attempt as it will violate rights of the individual. Proponents of torture being accepted as a legal way claim that torture is the only way to get the information from the criminals. It should be noted that criminals can be very dangerous as they plan brutal attacks on the innocent just for their interest. In such cases, investigative teams have no other options but to torture the suspected so that they can get the information regarding any mishap (Ball and Gready). This will not just save the private property but also save lives of people. If criminals will be aware of the fact that they can be brutally tortured then they are most likely to avoid their wrongdoings. This could be a threat to the criminal gangs who will have clear idea as to being charged for death penalty as a result of information being released by gang members for being tortured. The opponents on the other hand consider torture to be a morally incorrect approach to get the information from the suspects. It has been argument that at times the suspect can be someone who is not aware of the issue.... It should be noted that the proponents of the torture being acceptable have made use of the word intensity in the debate many times. This means that the investigative teams have been using a certain degree of torture to get the information necessary for the execution of the case. Most notably, it has been stated that criminals are not killed for the need of information but they are rather beaten to some intensity (Huggins). This intensity of torture can vary from one case to another. The proponents believe that by such a claim, it becomes easy to understand that torture is a way to threaten a criminal to surrender to the police and help them in defusing any criminal plan which may affect people and property (DesAutels and Walker). Thus, from the above debate it can be said that the use of torture as a tool by the investigative is effective in getting necessary information for any terrorist’s attacks or some other criminal planning that will affect the humans and property. But on the other hand, many people have debated that usage of torture as a tool can be unfair in terms of morals and ethics. It is thus suggested that a certain degree of torture should be done. It is very important to get information from the criminals in case of saving lives of innocent people. It is thus understandable that one life at stake is better than putting many other innocent lives on stakes. It is also suggested that the intensity of the torture is confined to certain degree. The mental threat is considered effective in changing the minds of the criminals. Another most important postulate that needs understanding and attention of the investigative teams is that suspects must not be innocent people. Torturing an innocent

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 3

Research Paper Example The most recent statistics related to cyber bullying have pointed to a very worrying social trend that is associated with the social media usage. According to the 2014 cyber bullying statistics, 70% of the youths globally are being bullied through social media, while 37% of them are experiencing highly frequent bullying (Bullyingstatistics.org, n.p.). Additionally, according to a recent report released by the joint task force of the Department of Education and Skills (DES) and the National Office for Suicide Prevention (NOSP), the victims of social media bullying are increasingly showing signs of poor peer relationships, increased anxiety, poor academic performance, psychological instabilities, self-harm tendencies and suicidal thoughts (Gleeson, 5). Nevertheless, it is not only the victims who are negatively affected, since the cyber bullies are increasingly showing behavioral anomalies. The statistics on the effects of social media bullying are even running from alarming to totally terrifying. For example, the recent data on the implications of social media bullying, such as the one reported by the Megan Meier Foundation, indicated that 29% of the social media bullying victims, and 38% of the frequently cyber-bullied victims reported either suicidal thoughts or suicidal attempts (Megan Meier Foundation, n.p.). The stroke that breaks the camel’s back is the evidence that suicide ranks as the third leading cause of death for young people between the age of 15-24 years (Megan Meier Foundation, n.p.). It is when such realities start to dawn on the society that the society finally realizes that a tool that was first meant to enhance social welfare, can turn into a destructive social weapon, which eats the society from within , in a manner that cannot be easily mitigated. At this point it becomes necessary to pause and ask; why is social media bullying such and pandemic for the modern society? The answer to this question is that statistics